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Musculoskeletal System > Session 2 - Spine Part 1 > Flashcards

Session 2 - Spine Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

An area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

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2
Q

How do dermatomes develop embryologically?

A

Somites differentiates into sclerotome and dermamyotome which then differentiates into dermatome and myotome

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3
Q

What does T4/5 dermatome innervate?

A

Nipples

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4
Q

What does T10 dermatome innervate?

A

Umbilicus

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5
Q

What does L1 dermatome innervate?

A

Groin

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6
Q

What is the anatomical definition of neural level?

A

Neural segment of the CNS

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7
Q

What is endoneurium?

A

Layer of connective tissue surrounding each axon

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8
Q

What is a fascicle?

A

Group of axons bundled together

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9
Q

What is a perineurium?

A

Layer of connective tissue wrapping each fascicle

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10
Q

What is a epineurium?

A

Layer of connective tissue surrounding a group of fascicles

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11
Q

What is vasa nervorum?

A

Blood vessels of nerves in epineurium

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12
Q

What is a spinal nerve?

A

Mixed nerve that carries motor, sensory and autonomic signals between body and spinal cord

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13
Q

What does the vertebral foramen do?

A

Spinal cord runs through

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14
Q

What forms the spinal canal?

A

Multiple vertebrae foramina

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15
Q

What are intervertebral foramina?

A

Gaps between the vertebrae

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16
Q

Where does the spinal cord begin and end?

A

Starts at medulla oblongata, base of brain stem

Ends at conus medullaris at L2

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17
Q

Where is the cauda equina located?

A

Below conus medullaris

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18
Q

How do cervical spinal roots emerge and what is the exception?

A

All merge above corresponding vertebral body with exception of 8th cervical spinal root, with emerges below C7 and above T1

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19
Q

How do the thoracic nerve roots exit?

A

Inferior to vertebral body

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20
Q

What does posterior or dorsal ramus supply?

A

Deep muscles and skin of dorsal trunk

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21
Q

What does the anterior or ventral ramus supply?

A

Muscles and skin of upper and lower limbs and lateral and ventral trunk

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22
Q

What is a myotome?

A

Group of muscle fibres supplied by a single spinal nerve

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23
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

Single motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fibres it innervates

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24
Q

What are the 2 actions that C5 myotome do?

A

Shoulder abduction and external rotation

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25
Q

What are the 3 actions that C6 myotome do?

A

Elbow flexion
Wrist extension
Supination

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26
Q

What are the 3 actions that C7 myotome do?

A

Elbow extension
Wrist flexion
Pronation

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27
Q

What are the 2 actions that C8 myotome do?

A

Finger flexion

Finger extension

28
Q

What are the 2 actions that T1 myotome do?

A

Finger abduction

Finger abduction

29
Q

What is the action that L2 myotome do?

A

Hip flexion

30
Q

What is the action that L3 myotome does?

A

Knee extension

31
Q

What is the action that L4 myotome does?

A

Ankle dorsiflexion

32
Q

What is the action that L5 myotome does?

A

Great toe extension

33
Q

What is the action that S1 myotome does?

A

Ankle plantar flexion

34
Q

What is the action that S2 myotome does?

A

Great toe flexion

35
Q

What is the clinical definition of neural level?

A

Lowest level of fully intact sensation and motor function

36
Q

What are the 2 regions of an intervertebral disc?

A

Nucleus pulposus

Annulus fibrosus

37
Q

What are the 2 major ligaments of the vertebral column?

A

Anterior longitudinal and posterior longitudinal ligaments

38
Q

What is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Prevent hyperextension

39
Q

What is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Prevents hyper flexion

40
Q

What is the function of interspinous ligaments?

A

Resist hyper flexion

41
Q

What do the cauda equina innervate?

A

Pelvic organs and lower limbs

42
Q

What is the primary curvature?

A

C-shaped concave anteriorly

43
Q

What is a kyphosis?

A

Anterior flexion or anteriorly concave curvature

44
Q

What is a lordosis?

A

Posterior flexion or posterior lay concave curvature

45
Q

What is mechanical back pain?

A

Pain when spine is loaded, that worsens with exercise and is relieved by rest

46
Q

What is marginal osteophytosis?

A

Osteocytes develop adjacent to the end plates of discs

47
Q

How does degenerative changes in vertebral column cause radicular or nerve pain?

A

Disc height decreases and arthritis develops in facet joints and vertebral bodies, intervertebral foramina decreases in size and compresses spinal nerves

48
Q

What are the 4 stages of disc herniation?

A

Disc degeneration
Prolapse
Extrusion
Sequestration

49
Q

What happens during disc degeneration?

A

Chemical changes associated with seeing causes discs to dehydrate and bulge

50
Q

What happens during prolapse?

A

Protrusion of nucleus pulposus occurs with slight impingement into spinal canal but still contained within annulus fibrosus

51
Q

What happens during extrusion?

A

Nucleus pulposus breaks through annulus fibrosus but is still contained within disc space

52
Q

What happens during sequestration?

A

Nucleus pulposus separates from main body of disc and enters spinal canal

53
Q

What are the 2 most common sites for slipped discs?

A

L4/5

L5/S1

54
Q

What is an existing nerve root?

A

Nerve root that emerges from spinal canal at same level as intervertebral disc

55
Q

What is a traversing nerve root?

A

Nerve root that emerges at the level below

56
Q

What kind of nerve root does far lateral disc herniation compress?

A

Exiting

57
Q

What kind of nerve root does paracentral herniation compress?

A

Traversing

58
Q

What is sciatica?

A

Pain caused by irritation or compression of one or more of the nerve roots that contribute to the sciatic nerve

59
Q

Where is pain typically experienced in sciatica?

A

Back and buttock, radiates to dermatome supplied by affected nerve root

60
Q

What is cauda equina syndrome?

A

When there is a canal filling disc that compresses the lumbar and sacral nerve roots within the spinal canal

61
Q

What are 5 red flag symptoms of cauda equina?

A 
Bilateral sciatica
Perianal numbness 
Painless retention of urine 
Urinary incontinence 
Erectile dysfunction
62
Q

How to treat cauda equina syndrome?

A

Surgical decompression within 48 hours of onset of sphincter st,proms

63
Q

What is spinal canal stenosis?

A

Abnormal narrowing of spinal canal that compresses either spinal cord or nerve roots

64
Q

What is neurogenic claudication?

A

Compression of spinal nerves as they emerge from lumnosacral spinal cord causes ischaemia and causes pain and or or paraesthesia

65
Q

What is spondylolosthesis?

A

Anterior displacement of the vertebra above relative to the vertebra below

66
Q

What is a lumbar puncture?

A

Withdrawal of fluid from subarachnoid space of the lumbar cistern

Musculoskeletal System (9 decks)

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