Session 1 - Introduction To MSK Flashcards
What are the 5 classification of bones?
Long flat short irregular sesamoid
Describe long bones and give an example.
Longer than they are wide
Femur
Describe flat bones and give an example.
Flat
Sternum
Describe short bones and give an example.
As long as they are wide
Carpal bones in wrist
Describe irregular bones and give an example.
Vary in shape and structure
Vertebrae
Describe sesamoid bones and give an example.
Bones embedded in tendons
Patella
What is the function of depressions on bone surfaces?
Provide passage for blood vessels and other soft tissues
What are bone processes?
Prominent projections of bones
What is the function of openings on bone surfaces?
Allow blood vessels and nerves to pass into or through the bone
What are the 4 types of arteries that supply bones and what do they supply?
Nutrient artery - inner cortex and marrow
Periosteal artery - periosteum and outer cortex
Metaphyseal artery - metaphysis
Epiphyseal artery - epiphysis
What are 6 features of a synovial joint structure?
Hyaline cartilage Fibrous capsule Synovial membrane Bursa Tendon sheaths Synovial fluid
State Hilton’s Law.
Nerves supplying the muscles moving the joint also supply the joint capsule and the skin overlying the insertions of these muscles
What are 6 factors that can affect the range of motion of joints?
Structure or shape of bones Strength and tension of ligaments Arrangement and tone of muscle around joint Apposition of neighboring soft tissues Hormonal effects Disuse
State the 3 steps of embryological development of synovial joints.
Areas of mesenchyme within limb buds differentiates into hyaline cartilage
Cells at centre of interzone undergo apoptosis to form cavity
Surrounding mesenchyme cells from perichondrium form periosteum, capsule and ligaments
What is a class 1 lever?
Fulcrum between effort and load
Give an example of a class 1 lever
Head on top of the neck
What is a class 2 lever?
Load is between fulcrum and effort
What is an example of a class 2 lever?
Standing on tiptoes
What is a class 3 lever?
Effort is between fulcrum and load
What is an example of class 3 lever?
Elbow joint fulcrum, biceps is effort, load is weight of forearm and hand
What are 2 main concepts of muscle action?
Only pull cannot push
Only act on joints that they or their tendons cross
What is the point of origin?
Stationary anchor point situated proximally in the limb
What is the point of insertion?
Mobile attachment point situated distally in the limb
What are 3 ways skeletal muscle fibers can be arranged?
Parallel
Pinnate
Circular
What are the 5 roles of muscles in coordinated movement?
Agonist Antagonist Synergistic Neutralizer Fixator
What are agonist?
Prime muscles responsible for a movement
What are antagonists?
Muscles which opposing movement
What are synergists?
Muscles that act to assist the prime mover
What are neutralizers?
Prevent the unwanted actions of a muscle
What are fixators?
Muscles that stabilizes a joint
What is superficial fascia?
Subcutaneous fatty layer found in most regions of body
What is deep fascia?
Thickened elaboration of epimysium enveloping muscle compartments
What do tendons do?
Connect muscle to bone
What do ligaments do?
Connect bone to bone
What do aponeuroses?
Connect muscle to muscle, sometimes bone
What are the 7 steps of prenatal limb development?
Limb buds appear during 4th week of development
Ectodermal cells form apical ectodermal ridge and inducts mesenchyme to grow
Limb buds elongate when mesenchyme proliferates
Mesenchymal skeleton forms
Ossification of cartilage
Myoblasts aggregate to form muscle in limb buds
Upper and lower limbs rotate in opposite directions
What is homeotic mutation?
Mutation that causes tissues to alter their normal differentiation pattern, producing integrated structures in unusual locations
How does polydactyly occur?
Hox genes governing digit development mutate, resulting in formation of extra digits
What is a fracture?
Complete or incomplete break in the continuity of bone
What is a transverse fracture?
Break is at a right angle to the long axis
What is a linear fracture?
Fracture line parallel to long axis
What is an oblique fracture?
Fracture line is at oblique angle to long axis
What is a spiral fracture?
Fracture line spirals found in multiple planes
What are compression fractures?
Crushed cancellous bone
What are green stick fractures?
Incomplete fracture where bone bends and cracks instead of breaking into separate pieces
What are the 3 phases of fracture healing in MSK radiology?
Inflammatory
Reparative
Remodelling
What are 3 stages in the inflammatory phase?
Hematoma formation, tissue death and inflammation
What are 3 stages of reparative phase?
Angiogenesis
Soft callus formation
Hard callus formation
What happens during remodelling phase?
Gradual replacement of hard callus with mature bone
What are the 2 radiographic changes that are seen in limbs during childhood?
Able to see growth plates which become thinner and eventually disappear when they grow older
Degree of ossification of carpal bones
