Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Musculoskeletal System > Session 1 - Introduction To MSK > Flashcards

Session 1 - Introduction To MSK Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 classification of bones?

A

Long flat short irregular sesamoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe long bones and give an example.

A

Longer than they are wide

Femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe flat bones and give an example.

A

Flat

Sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe short bones and give an example.

A

As long as they are wide

Carpal bones in wrist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe irregular bones and give an example.

A

Vary in shape and structure

Vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe sesamoid bones and give an example.

A

Bones embedded in tendons

Patella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the function of depressions on bone surfaces?

A

Provide passage for blood vessels and other soft tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are bone processes?

A

Prominent projections of bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of openings on bone surfaces?

A

Allow blood vessels and nerves to pass into or through the bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 4 types of arteries that supply bones and what do they supply?

A

Nutrient artery - inner cortex and marrow
Periosteal artery - periosteum and outer cortex
Metaphyseal artery - metaphysis
Epiphyseal artery - epiphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are 6 features of a synovial joint structure?

A 
Hyaline cartilage
Fibrous capsule 
Synovial membrane
Bursa
Tendon sheaths
Synovial fluid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

State Hilton’s Law.

A

Nerves supplying the muscles moving the joint also supply the joint capsule and the skin overlying the insertions of these muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are 6 factors that can affect the range of motion of joints?

A 
Structure or shape of bones
Strength and tension of ligaments
Arrangement and tone of muscle around joint
Apposition of neighboring soft tissues
Hormonal effects
Disuse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

State the 3 steps of embryological development of synovial joints.

A

Areas of mesenchyme within limb buds differentiates into hyaline cartilage
Cells at centre of interzone undergo apoptosis to form cavity
Surrounding mesenchyme cells from perichondrium form periosteum, capsule and ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a class 1 lever?

A

Fulcrum between effort and load

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Give an example of a class 1 lever

A

Head on top of the neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a class 2 lever?

A

Load is between fulcrum and effort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is an example of a class 2 lever?

A

Standing on tiptoes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a class 3 lever?

A

Effort is between fulcrum and load

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is an example of class 3 lever?

A

Elbow joint fulcrum, biceps is effort, load is weight of forearm and hand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are 2 main concepts of muscle action?

A

Only pull cannot push

Only act on joints that they or their tendons cross

22
Q

What is the point of origin?

A

Stationary anchor point situated proximally in the limb

23
Q

What is the point of insertion?

A

Mobile attachment point situated distally in the limb

24
Q

What are 3 ways skeletal muscle fibers can be arranged?

A

Parallel
Pinnate
Circular

25
Q

What are the 5 roles of muscles in coordinated movement?

A 
Agonist
Antagonist
Synergistic
Neutralizer
Fixator
26
Q

What are agonist?

A

Prime muscles responsible for a movement

27
Q

What are antagonists?

A

Muscles which opposing movement

28
Q

What are synergists?

A

Muscles that act to assist the prime mover

29
Q

What are neutralizers?

A

Prevent the unwanted actions of a muscle

30
Q

What are fixators?

A

Muscles that stabilizes a joint

31
Q

What is superficial fascia?

A

Subcutaneous fatty layer found in most regions of body

32
Q

What is deep fascia?

A

Thickened elaboration of epimysium enveloping muscle compartments

33
Q

What do tendons do?

A

Connect muscle to bone

34
Q

What do ligaments do?

A

Connect bone to bone

35
Q

What do aponeuroses?

A

Connect muscle to muscle, sometimes bone

36
Q

What are the 7 steps of prenatal limb development?

A

Limb buds appear during 4th week of development
Ectodermal cells form apical ectodermal ridge and inducts mesenchyme to grow
Limb buds elongate when mesenchyme proliferates
Mesenchymal skeleton forms
Ossification of cartilage
Myoblasts aggregate to form muscle in limb buds
Upper and lower limbs rotate in opposite directions

37
Q

What is homeotic mutation?

A

Mutation that causes tissues to alter their normal differentiation pattern, producing integrated structures in unusual locations

38
Q

How does polydactyly occur?

A

Hox genes governing digit development mutate, resulting in formation of extra digits

39
Q

What is a fracture?

A

Complete or incomplete break in the continuity of bone

40
Q

What is a transverse fracture?

A

Break is at a right angle to the long axis

41
Q

What is a linear fracture?

A

Fracture line parallel to long axis

42
Q

What is an oblique fracture?

A

Fracture line is at oblique angle to long axis

43
Q

What is a spiral fracture?

A

Fracture line spirals found in multiple planes

44
Q

What are compression fractures?

A

Crushed cancellous bone

45
Q

What are green stick fractures?

A

Incomplete fracture where bone bends and cracks instead of breaking into separate pieces

46
Q

What are the 3 phases of fracture healing in MSK radiology?

A

Inflammatory
Reparative
Remodelling

47
Q

What are 3 stages in the inflammatory phase?

A

Hematoma formation, tissue death and inflammation

48
Q

What are 3 stages of reparative phase?

A

Angiogenesis
Soft callus formation
Hard callus formation

49
Q

What happens during remodelling phase?

A

Gradual replacement of hard callus with mature bone

50
Q

What are the 2 radiographic changes that are seen in limbs during childhood?

A

Able to see growth plates which become thinner and eventually disappear when they grow older

Degree of ossification of carpal bones

Musculoskeletal System (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions