Session 2 - An infection model Flashcards
List four different types of pathogen
- Virus
- Bacterium
- Fungus
- Parasite
What are the eukaryote pathogens?
• Fungus ○ Yeast ○ Mould • Parasite ○ Protozoa - single cell (malaria) ○ Helminth - multicell
Give a prokaryote pathogen
• Bacterium
What is a prion, and outline one disease caused by prions?
- Protein in a misfolded form
* Bovine spongiform encephalophy
Why are viruses described as an obligate intracellular parasite?
Viruses require host cell in order to survive
What is legionnaires disease?
- Acute respiratory infection
* Legionella pneumophilia
What are the three groups you can classify a patients risk of infection?
• Person
• Time
Place
Give five person-specific which can help us decide a patients vulnerability to infections
• Age ○ First three months • Gender ○ UTI's • Physiological state ○ Pregnancy • Pathological state ○ Underlying disease such as immunosupression/surgical treatment • Social factors ○ Unprotected sex/poverty
How does time of year play a role in the prediction of infectious disease?
URTi’s and colds increase in winter
How do the places patients have been help diagnose infection?
• If the patient has travelled abroad, they may have picked up an infection
Why are we particularly susceptible to infections in the first 3 months of life?
• Passive immunity gleaned from mother’s antibodies degrade
List 7 mechanisms of infection
- Contiguous
- Inoculation - penetrating stab wound with contaminated object
- Haematogenous - blood stream
- Ingestion
- Inhalation - droplet/aerosol
- Vector - mosquitoes/animal bites
- Vertical transmission - mothers to child
How can pathogens cause infections?
- Toxin production
* Interaction with host defences, causing ROS to be released
What are the five stages of management of a disease?
- History
- Examination
- Investigations
- Treatment
- Infection prevention
Give two specific treatments to infection
• Anti-microbials • Surgery ○ Drainage ○ Debridement ○ Dead space removal
Give two examples of supportive treatment
- Symptom relief
* Physiological restoration
How do you solve the issue of transmission from person to person in a hospital setting?
• Prevent infection transmission to
○ Other patients
○ Staff
Other contacts
Give three outcomes of an infection
- Cure
- Chronic infection/residual disability
- Death
In what percentage increment does a patients chance of death increase every hour after being diagnosed
• 7%
Escherichia Coli
Gram stain, shape, anaerobic/aerobic, three diseases
-‘ve
Rod shaped
Anaerobic
Urinary tract infection
Gastroenteritis
Neonatal meningitis
Staphylococcus aureus
+‘ve
Spherical
Anaerobic
Pneumonia
Skin infection
Endocarditis
Streptococcus group A
+‘ve
Spherical
Anaerobic
Toxic shock syndrome
Cellulitis
Pharyngitis
Streptococcus viridans (one disease)
+‘ve
Spherical
Anaerobic
Endocarditis
Streptococcus pneumoniae
+‘ve
Spherical
Anaerobic
Acute pneumonia
Otitis media
Meningitis
