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MHIS 1513 > Session 15: Overview of immunology > Flashcards

Session 15: Overview of immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Define an antigen.

A

Any agent capable of binding specifically to components of the immune system, such as the B-cell receptor or antibodies.

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2
Q

Define an epitope.

A

Specific portion of antigen that binds to the T-cell receptor.

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3
Q

Define an immunogen.

A

Any agent capable of inducing an immune response.

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4
Q

Give the 4 requirements of immunogenicity.

A
  • Foreignness
  • High molecular weight
  • Chemical complexity
  • Degradability and
    interaction with MHC
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5
Q

Define a hapten.

A 
- Substances that fail to 
  induce an immune 
  response  in their native 
  form bc of their low 
  molecular weight and 
  chemical simplicity.
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6
Q

Define an adjuvant.

A

A substance that when mixed w/ an immunogen enhances the immune response against that immunogen.

*used in vaccines to accelerate, enhance and prolong the immune response.

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7
Q

Name the two divisions of the immune system.

A
  1. Innate/non-specific
    immunity
  2. Acquired/specific immunity
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8
Q

What are the components of the physical barriers of innate immunity cells.

A
  • Skin
  • pH of the skin
  • sweat
  • sebaceous secretions
  • Hair
  • protects against
    mechanical abrasions
  • prevents contact w/ skin
  • Mucosal surfaces
  • Respiratory tracts
  • Genito-urinary tract
  • Gastro-intestinal tract
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9
Q

What is pattern recognition ?

A 
- Immune system contains 
  cell-bound and soluble 
  molecules that recognize 
 "warning" patterns 
- Patterns can be on 
  invading substances or 
  damaged tissues
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10
Q

Name the two types of patterns recognized by the pattern recognition molecules.

A
  1. PAMPs
    - pathogen associated
    molecular patterns
  2. DAMPs
    - damage associated
    molecular patterns
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11
Q

Describe toll-like receptors as of the cell pattern recognition molecules.

A 
- Found on numerous cells 
  of the body 
- Recognises PAMPs and 
  DAMPs 
- activates cell and elicits 
  inflammatory response
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12
Q

Name the 5 cell-bound pattern recognition molecules.

A
  1. Toll-like receptors (TLR)
  2. NOD-like receptors- all PAMPs
  3. C-type lectin receptors- fungal elements
  4. F-met-leu-phe receptors- bacterial pathogens
  5. RIG-I like receptors- viruses
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13
Q

Name the 2 soluble pattern recognition molecules and describe each.

A
  • COMPLIMENT
  • destroys invaders and signals other immune system players that attack is on.
  • classic pathway
  • alternative pathway
  • mannose binding lectin
    pathway

*CRP
- c-reactive protein
- produced by liver
- activates compliment
system and promotes
phagocytosis
- acute phase protein

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14
Q

List the four types of cells that belong to the Innate Immune System.

A
  1. Phagocytes
  2. Dendritic cells
  3. Mast cells, basophils,
    eosinophils
  4. NK cells
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15
Q

Describe how phagocytes function in the innate immune system.

A

Phagocytosis: engulfment of a particle by leucocytes such as macrophages and neutrophils.

Macrophages:
- located below surface of 
  areas exposed to the 
  outside world.
- function as garbage 
  collectors, antigen 
  presenting cells, or vicious 
  killer
Neutrophils:
- foot soldiers: patrol blood 
  vessels and await danger 
  signals  
- kill invading pathogens:
* phagocytosis
* respiratory burst 
* NETs 
* hydrolytic enzymes
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16
Q

Describe how dendritic cells function in the innate system.

A 
- sample antigens out in the 
  tissue
- travel to nearby lymph 
  nodes and present these 
  antigens to B and T-cells, if 
  there's an invasion
17
Q

Describe how natural killer cells function in the innate immune system.

A
  • Target cells for killing by
    “missing self hypothesis”
  • activating receptors
  • inhibitory receptors
  • Balance between kill and
    don’t kill signals determine
    whether NK cells will
    destroy a target
18
Q

Describe how eosinophils, basophils and mast cells function in the innate immune system.

A
  • Defense against parasites, helminths and allergic reactions
19
Q

What is the primary function of the innate immune system?

A

Kill invading pathogens

20
Q

What are the 2 secondary functions of the innate immune system?

A
  • inflammation
  • recruit and activate
    adaptive IS in case of
    failure
21
Q

Discuss inflammation as a secondary function of the innate immune system.

A 
Characterized by:
* vasodilation of local blood 
  vessels 
* increased capillary 
  permeability
* movement of fluid 
* migration of WBC 
* swelling
* fibrinogen clots wall of the 
  area
  • aim: recruit more cells to the site to contain the damage
22
Q

Discuss fever as a manifestation of inflammation.

A 
- Produced by the release 
  of cytokines called 
  endogenous pyrogens 
- pyrogens are poduced by 
  cells of innate IS in 
  response to PAMPs and 
  DAMPs 
- pyrogens stimulate 
  hypothalamus to increase 
  the body temp.
23
Q

Describe the 2 functions of fever.

A 
1. Generally beneficial for 
   the host bc most 
   pathogens grow at lower 
   temps.
2. Immune cells function 
    better @ higher 
    temperature
24
Q

List the 2 functions of B-cells.

A
  1. Antigen presenting cells
  2. Terminal cells produce
    antibodies
25
Q

Describe MHC in the acquired IS.

A
  • antigen presentation is the main function of the acquired innate system
26
Q

Describe the processes that occur in MHC class I.

A 
* proteins made inside cell 
  are advertised 
* all nucleated cells in the 
  body
* can be read by NK cells 
  and cytotoxic T-cells
27
Q

Describe the processes that occur in MHC class II.

A 
* exclusively on antigen 
  presenting cells 
* external 
* advertise what's 
  happening outside the 
  cells 
* present peptides to 
  helper T-cells
28
Q

Name the two types of T-cells.

A

Helper T-cells

Cytotoxic T-cells

29
Q

What is the function of helper T-cells?

A

Secretes cytokines which recruit and activate other cells of the immune system

30
Q

What is the function of cytotoxic T-cells?

A

Kills target cells by means of killer receptors

31
Q

List the 5 functions of antibodies.

A
  1. Neutralization of toxins
  2. Virus inactivation
  3. Opsonification
  4. Activation of complement
  5. ADCC

MHIS 1513 (15 decks)

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