Session 13: Mutations Flashcards
Give 3 examples of exogenous causes of mutations.
- Radon had from the ground
- Medical radiation e.g X-Rays
- Cosmic rays
Give 3 examples of endogenous mutations.
- DNA Replication
- Formation of free radicals (e.g. Through metabolism)
- Transposable elements
What is a transposable element?
Also known as a jumping gene. A specific DNA sequence which can transpose to random sites.
Name 3 features of a transposable element.
- Never in a free form
- Transposes as a decrete unit
- Supernumerary (many copies)
TRUE OR FALSE: Smaller genes are more easily disrupted by transposable elements.
FALSE
Define micro mutation.
A change in a single/ a few nucleotides
Define macro mutation.
The change in whole areas of a chromosome.
Name 3 types of micro mutation.
- Substitution
- Deletion
- Insertion
Name 5 types of macro mutations.
- Deletion
- Insertion
- Substitution
- Translocation
- Inversion
Define DNA transition mutation.
A chain to the same type of base. (I.e. Purine to purine, or pyrimidine to pyrimidine)
Define DNA transversion mutation.
A change to a different type of base. (I.e. Purine to pyrimidine)
Name 4 types of single nucleotide change mutations
- Change to gene product
- Change to gene product amount
- Change to polypeptide length
- No effect
Define missence mutation.
A single change in aa.
What is the name of the mutation that has no affect on the gene product or amount?
Silent/ neutral/ synonymous
Name three types of mutations what would lead to a change in the length of a polypeptide.
- Change in the stop codon
- Nonsense mutations (stop codon is introduced)
- Frame shift mutations
