Session 11 ILO's Protein Function and Regulation

Question 1

List the major regulatory mechanisms that control enzyme activity (plus examples)

Question 2

Discuss the allosteric properties of a key regulatory enzyme

what is allostery?
R and T states allosteric effectors give examples

Question 3

Discuss the concept of enzyme cascades and the use of protein kinases and phosphatases to regulate activity

why cascades are important
what is a kinase/phosphatase?
why does phosphorylation have an effect?

Question 4

Define the term zymogen (with examples).

Question 5

Explain how activation of the clotting cascade leads to the formation of fibrin

NOT a detailed description of clotting process

Question 6

Discuss the mechanisms that are involved in the regulation of clot formation and breakdown

focus on the regulation of the process
types of regulatory mechanisms involved
clotting as an example of a highly regulated process

Question 7

Explain the physiological roles of myoglobin and haemoglobin

Question 8

Contrast the oxygen-binding properties of myoglobin and haemoglobin and explain why haemoglobin is most suited to its role as an oxygen transporter

Molecular features of O2 binding to globins
Why is the oxygen binding curve for myoglobin hyperbolic? Why is the oxygen binding curve for haemoglobin sigmoidal?
- binding and release of oxygen

Question 9

Describe the major structural differences between oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin and the molecular basis of cooperativity

T state – low affinity for oxygen

Question 10

Describe the effects of CO2, H+, 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate and carbon monoxide on the binding of oxygen by haemoglobin, and the physiological significance of these effects

activators shift curve to the left and enhance high affinity R state inhibitors shift the curve to the right and enhance the low affinity T state

Question 11

Appreciate that mutations in globin genes can give rise to diseases such as sickle cell anaemia

molecular basis for sickle cell anaemia

Question 12

Outline of the key features needed for protein secretion

Question 13

Describe the differences between constitutive and regulated secretion

Question 14

Outline of the structure of collagen

Question 15

Outline of the processing of collagen