Session 1 ILO's - The Cell and it's Components

Question 1

Adipocytes (3)

Answer 1

• Adipocytes are energy storing cells that contain lipid droplets.
• Are surrounded by a structural network of fibres
• Other functions include thermogenesis, cushioning of vital organs and secreting hormones and biological factors

Question 2

Cytoplasm (4)

Answer 2

• Fluid in which organelles are suspended within
• Fatty acid synthesis
• Metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids and nucleotides
• Primarily water but contains enzymes and amino acids

Question 3

Cytoplasmic extensions

Answer 3

Highlighted - Facilitates phagocytosis, specifically the engulfing

Question 4

Rough Endoplasmic reticulum (2)

Answer 4

• Protein synthesis
• Packaging of proteins into vesicles

Question 5

Euchromatin (loosely packed)

Answer 5

• The part of the chromatin involved in the active transcription of DNA into mRNA
• (euchromatin and heterochromatin contain the proteins/ polymerases etc, for DNA replication and
  transcription)

Question 6

Golgi body cis face

Answer 6

Where substances enter the golgi apparatus (incoming vesicles and processing)

Question 7

Golgi body trans face

Answer 7

Where substances exit the golgi apparatus (sorting and exiting vesicles)

Question 8

Golgi complex

Answer 8

Responsible for packaging proteins into vesicles prior to secretion

Question 9

Heterochromatin (tightly packed)

Answer 9

Heterochromatin maintains the structural integrity of the genome and allows the regulation of gene expression.

• (euchromatin and heterochromatin contain the proteins/ polymerases etc, for DNA replication and
  transcription)

Question 10

Lysosome

Answer 10

Mainly to digest worn out organelles, food particles and viruses, bacteria

Question 11

Lysozyme

Answer 11

It functions as an antimicrobial agent by cleaving the peptidoglycan component of bacterial cell walls, which leads to cell death

Question 12

Mitochondrial Crista

Answer 12

These folds allow for increased surface area in which chemical reactions, such as the redox reactions, can take place.

Contains the matrix (site of
Kreb’s cycle and ATP synthesis (during oxidative phosphorylation))

Question 13

Mitochondrion

Answer 13

Generates ATP

Question 14

Nuclear envelope

Answer 14

Separates contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm and provides the structural framework of the nucleus - 2 layered semi permeable.

Question 15

Nucleolus

Answer 15

• Involved in producing and assembling the cell’s ribosomes
• DNA synthesis/ replication/ repair
• mRNA synthesis (transcription)

Question 16

Nucleus

Answer 16

Cell’s control centre - contains chromatin and DNA

Question 17

Pinocytic vesicles

Answer 17

Vesicle formed at the plasma membrane to allow the absorption of large molecules.

Question 18

Plasma membrane

Answer 18

• Transport of ions and small molecules
• Cell morphology and movement
• Contains receptors on it’s surface that allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones
• Confines cellular organelles and the cytoplasmic activities from the external
  environment

Question 19

Ribosomes

Answer 19

Where protein synthesis takes place

Question 20

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 20

Folded membranes studded with ribosimes, helps with transport of materials through the cell, site of protein. manufacture

Question 21

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 21

Network of tubes and flat curved sacs that helps to transport materials through the cell; main location of Fata metabolism

Question 22

Steroidogenic Cells

Answer 22

• Ultrastructural features that facilitate the uptake of cholesterol from blood lipoproteins, de novo synthesis of cholesterol, or its storage in cytoplasmic lipid droplets for future use in steroidogenesis.
• (Steroidogenesis entails processes by which cholesterol is converted to biologically active steroid hormones)

Question 23

Zymogen granules

Answer 23

Speciallised storage organelles in the exocrine pancreas that allow sorting, packaging and regulated apical secretion of digestive enzymes

Question 24

What is exocrine pancreatic insufficiency?

Answer 24

EPI occurs when your pancreas doesn’t make enough digestive enzymes. Sometimes the enzymes don’t work as they should.

Question 25

Describe the basic cell structure and explain how this relates to functional processes in the cell

Answer 25

Descriptions are covered by rest of cards

Question 26

Explain why the same structures within a cell may look different in different micrographs

Answer 26

• Different stains used
• Different type of microscopes used
• Different resolutions
• Different magnification
• Different type of cell viewed/Different parts of the body

Question 27

Describe the main differences between a prokaryotic and an eukaryotic cell (6)

Answer 27

• Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus but have DNA floating free in cytoplasm
• Prokaryotic cells have no membrane-bound organelles (/no mitochondria / no golgi/ no endoplasmic reticulum/etc;)
• Prokaryotes contain 70s ribosomes whereas eukaryotic contain 80S
• Prokaryotes contain Capsule/flagellum/plasmid / cell wall (made of murein)
• Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler than eukaryotic
• Prokaryotic cells have circular DNA, eukaryotic have linear

Question 28

What cellular function of macrophages is facilitated by the cytoplasmic extensions and lysosomes?

Answer 28

Phagocytosis

Question 29

What does exocrine pancreatic insufficiency cause (symptoms)?

Answer 29

• Unexplained Weightloss
• Foul smelling stool
• Abdominal pain, gas and bloating
• Constipation
• Diarrhea
• Fatty stools (pale, oily, foul-smelling poop that floats)
  -Failure to thrive in infants and children.

Question 30

Peroxisomes

Answer 30

Small vesicles in cytoplasm that contain enzymes that degrade hydrogen peroxide and fatty acids and synthesise bile acids

Question 31

Microvilli

Answer 31

Increase Surface area to volume ratio for:
- Secretion
- Absorption
- Cell to cell adhesion

Question 32

Cytoskeleton

Answer 32

Types of skeleton: Microtubules, Microfilaments and intermediate filaments.

Microtubules:

• Maintain shape of cell and anchor organelles
• Provide track for motor proteins to form organelles and vesicles throughout cell.

Microfilaments:

• Cell-cell (desmosomes/ tight junctions) interaction
• Cell-matrix (hemi-desmosomes/ focal adhesions) interaction
• Signal transduction in cell