Session 1 ILO's - The Cell and it's Components Flashcards
Adipocytes (3)
- Adipocytes are energy storing cells that contain lipid droplets.
- Are surrounded by a structural network of fibres
- Other functions include thermogenesis, cushioning of vital organs and secreting hormones and biological factors
Cytoplasm (4)
- Fluid in which organelles are suspended within
- Fatty acid synthesis
- Metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids and nucleotides
- Primarily water but contains enzymes and amino acids
Cytoplasmic extensions
Highlighted - Facilitates phagocytosis, specifically the engulfing
Rough Endoplasmic reticulum (2)
- Protein synthesis
- Packaging of proteins into vesicles
Euchromatin (loosely packed)
- The part of the chromatin involved in the active transcription of DNA into mRNA
- (euchromatin and heterochromatin contain the proteins/ polymerases etc, for DNA replication and
transcription)
Golgi body cis face
Where substances enter the golgi apparatus (incoming vesicles and processing)
Golgi body trans face
Where substances exit the golgi apparatus (sorting and exiting vesicles)
Golgi complex
Responsible for packaging proteins into vesicles prior to secretion
Heterochromatin (tightly packed)
Heterochromatin maintains the structural integrity of the genome and allows the regulation of gene expression.
- (euchromatin and heterochromatin contain the proteins/ polymerases etc, for DNA replication and
transcription)
Lysosome
Mainly to digest worn out organelles, food particles and viruses, bacteria
Lysozyme
It functions as an antimicrobial agent by cleaving the peptidoglycan component of bacterial cell walls, which leads to cell death
Mitochondrial Crista
These folds allow for increased surface area in which chemical reactions, such as the redox reactions, can take place.
Contains the matrix (site of
Kreb’s cycle and ATP synthesis (during oxidative phosphorylation))
Mitochondrion
Generates ATP
Nuclear envelope
Separates contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm and provides the structural framework of the nucleus - 2 layered semi permeable.
Nucleolus
- Involved in producing and assembling the cell’s ribosomes
- DNA synthesis/ replication/ repair
- mRNA synthesis (transcription)
Nucleus
Cell’s control centre - contains chromatin and DNA
Pinocytic vesicles
Vesicle formed at the plasma membrane to allow the absorption of large molecules.
Plasma membrane
- Transport of ions and small molecules
- Cell morphology and movement
- Contains receptors on it’s surface that allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones
- Confines cellular organelles and the cytoplasmic activities from the external
environment
Ribosomes
Where protein synthesis takes place
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Folded membranes studded with ribosimes, helps with transport of materials through the cell, site of protein. manufacture
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Network of tubes and flat curved sacs that helps to transport materials through the cell; main location of Fata metabolism
Steroidogenic Cells
- Ultrastructural features that facilitate the uptake of cholesterol from blood lipoproteins, de novo synthesis of cholesterol, or its storage in cytoplasmic lipid droplets for future use in steroidogenesis.
- (Steroidogenesis entails processes by which cholesterol is converted to biologically active steroid hormones)
Zymogen granules
Speciallised storage organelles in the exocrine pancreas that allow sorting, packaging and regulated apical secretion of digestive enzymes
What is exocrine pancreatic insufficiency?
EPI occurs when your pancreas doesn’t make enough digestive enzymes. Sometimes the enzymes don’t work as they should.
Describe the basic cell structure and explain how this relates to functional processes in the cell
Descriptions are covered by rest of cards
Explain why the same structures within a cell may look different in different micrographs
- Different stains used
- Different type of microscopes used
- Different resolutions
- Different magnification
- Different type of cell viewed/Different parts of the body
Describe the main differences between a prokaryotic and an eukaryotic cell (6)
- Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus but have DNA floating free in cytoplasm
- Prokaryotic cells have no membrane-bound organelles (/no mitochondria / no golgi/ no endoplasmic reticulum/etc;)
- Prokaryotes contain 70s ribosomes whereas eukaryotic contain 80S
- Prokaryotes contain Capsule/flagellum/plasmid / cell wall (made of murein)
- Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler than eukaryotic
- Prokaryotic cells have circular DNA, eukaryotic have linear
What cellular function of macrophages is facilitated by the cytoplasmic extensions and lysosomes?
Phagocytosis
What does exocrine pancreatic insufficiency cause (symptoms)?
- Unexplained Weightloss
- Foul smelling stool
- Abdominal pain, gas and bloating
- Constipation
- Diarrhea
- Fatty stools (pale, oily, foul-smelling poop that floats)
-Failure to thrive in infants and children.
Peroxisomes
Small vesicles in cytoplasm that contain enzymes that degrade hydrogen peroxide and fatty acids and synthesise bile acids
Microvilli
Increase Surface area to volume ratio for:
- Secretion
- Absorption
- Cell to cell adhesion
Cytoskeleton
Types of skeleton: Microtubules, Microfilaments and intermediate filaments.
Microtubules:
- Maintain shape of cell and anchor organelles
- Provide track for motor proteins to form organelles and vesicles throughout cell.
Microfilaments:
- Cell-cell (desmosomes/ tight junctions) interaction
- Cell-matrix (hemi-desmosomes/ focal adhesions) interaction
- Signal transduction in cell
