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Head And Neck > Session 1 > Flashcards

Session 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Which nerve supplies the muscles of mastication?

A

Mandibular division of the trigeminal (branch of CN V)

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1
Q

What are the 4 main muscles in the head?

A

Facial expression
Buccinators
Occipitofrontialis
Mastication

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2
Q

What muscles does the facial nerve supply?

A 
Platysma, 
muscles of facial expression, 
buccinators, 
muscles of the ear, 
occipitofrontalis
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3
Q

What is the most common non traumatic cause of facial paralysis?

A

Inflammation of the facial nerve near its exit from the cranium at the stylomastoid foramen

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4
Q

What are the clinical consequences of Bell’s Palsy?

A

Affected area sags

Facial expression is distorted, appears passive or sad

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5
Q

Where is the facial nerve vulnerable?

A

Branches are superficial so wounds, cuts and childbirth

Nerve and branches pass through parotid gland so in surgery or disease of the gland

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6
Q

What does parotid gland disease often result in?

A

Pain in auricle of the ear, external meatus, temporal region and the TMJ

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7
Q

What is the arterial supply to the face?

A

Facial artery

Branches of the external carotid

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8
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the face

A

Facial vein, drains into the internal jugular vein

Drains into the subclavian vein

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9
Q

What forms the external jugular vein?

A

Superficial temporal vein
Maxillary vein
Others

Drains into subclavian vein

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10
Q

What is the superficial cervical fascia?

A

Layer of fatty connective tissue lying between the dermis of the skin and investing layer of deep cervical fascia

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11
Q

What does the superficial cervical fascia contain?

A

Cutaneous nerves, blood, lymphatic vessels, superficial lymph nodes, fat

Anterolaterally: the platysma

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12
Q

What does the platysma do?

A

Tenses the skin from the SUPERIOR attachment

Depresses the mandible and draws the corners of the mouth inferiorly from INFERIOR attachment

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13
Q

What are the 3 layers of deep cervical fascia?

A

Investing
Pretracheal
Prevertebral

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14
Q

What is the carotid sheath?

A

Fascia which surrounds the common carotid arteries, internal jugular veins and vagus nerve

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15
Q

What are the functions of the deep cervical fascia?

A

Support of the viscera eg thyroid and muscles, vessels and deep lymph nodes
Limit the spread of abscesses
Slipperiness to facilitate movement in swallowing and turning the head and neck

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16
Q

What does the investing layer of deep cervical fascia surround?

A

Surrounds the entire neck

Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Submandibular and parotid glands

17
Q

Describe the pretracheal layer

A

Anterior part of neck
Extends into thorax inferiorly, blending with pericardium
Blends with the carotid sheath laterally

18
Q

What does the muscular layer of the pretracheal layer enclose?

A

Infrahyoid muscles

19
Q

What does the visceral layer of the pretracheal layer enclose?

A

Thyroid gland
Trachea
Oesophagus

20
Q

Describe the prevertebral layer of deep cervical fascia

A

Innermost layer
Forms a sheath for vertebral column and associated muscles
Extends laterally as the axillary sheath

21
Q

Describe the carotid sheath

A

Tubular, fibrous
From the cranium to root of the neck

Common carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Vagus nerve (CN X)

22
Q

Where will the spread of infection stop if it occurs between the investing layer and the muscular part of the pretracheal surrounding the infrahyoid muscles?

A

Manubrium

23
Q

If an infection occurs between the investing and visceral pretracheal layers, where will it stop?

A

Thoracic cavity anterior to the pericardium

24
Q

Where can pus from an abscess behind the prevertebral layer spread?

A

Extends laterally
Can perforate the fascia and enter retropharyngeal space
Produces a retropharyngeal abscess
Results in dysphagia and dysphonia

25
Q

What is the retropharyngeal space?

A

Potential space between prevertebral layer of fascia and fascia surrounding the pharynx

Major route of spread of infection from neck to thorax

Runs to diaphragm

26
Q

What are the borders of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

Anterior- midline
Posterior- inferior border of SCM
Superior- inferior border of the mandible
Apex- jugular notch in the manubrium
Roof- superficial cervical fascia, contains platysma
Floor- pharynx, larynx, thyroid gland

27
Q

What are the 4 sub divisions of the anterior triangle?

A

Submandibular/ digastric triangle
Submental triangle
Carotid triangle
Muscular/ omotracheal triangle

28
Q

What structures are in the submandibular triangle?

A

Submandibular gland
Submandibular lymph nodes
Hypoglossal and mylohoid nerves
Parts of facial artery and vein

29
Q

What structures are found in the submental triangle?

A

Submental lymph nodes

Small veins which unite forming the anterior jugular vein

30
Q

What structures are found in the carotid triangle?

A 
Carotid sheath
Thyroid gland
Larynx
Pharynx
External carotid artery 
Hypoglossal and spinal accessory nerves 
Branches of cervical plexus
31
Q

What structures are found in the muscular/ omotracheal triangle?

A

Sternothyroid
Sternohyoid
Thyroid
Parathyroid

32
Q

What are the borders of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

Anterior- posterior border of SCM
Posterior- anterior border of Trapezius
Inferiorly- middle third of the clavicle, between trapezius and SCM
Apex- where SCM and Trapezius meet on the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone
Roof- investing layer of deep cervical fascia
Floor- muscles covered by the Prevertebral layer of deep cervical fascia

33
Q

Name the two subdivisions of the posterior triangle of the neck

A

Occipital triangle

Omoclavicular/ subclavian triangle

34
Q

What structures are found in the occipital triangle

A 
Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
Trunks of brachial plexus
Part of external jugular vein
Posterior branches of cervical plexus
Cervicodorsal trunk
Cervical lymph node
35
Q

What is in the omoclavicilar/ subclavian triangle?

A

3rd part of the subclavian artery
Part of subclavian vein
Suprascapular artery
Supraclavicular lymph nodes

36
Q

What do the hyoid muscles do?

A

Steady or move the hyoid and larynx

37
Q

Name the suprahyoid muscles

A

Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Stylohyoid
Digastric muscles

38
Q

What do the suprahyoid muscles do?

A

Constitute the substance of the floor of the mouth
Support hyoid, providing a base for tongue to function from
Elevate the hyoid and larynx in swallowing and tone production

39
Q

Name the infrahyoid muscles

A

Superficial plane:
Sternohyoid
Omohyoid

Deep plane:
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyroid

40
Q

What do the infrahyoid muscles do?

A

Anchor the hyoid, sternum, clavicle and scapula
Depress the hyoid and larynx during swallowing and speaking
Steady the hyoid, helping the suprahyoids in providing a base for the tongue

41
Q

What forms the carotid sheath?

A

Derived from a fusion of:
POSTERIOR: Prevertebral layer of cervical fascia
ANTEROMEDIAL: Pretracheal layer of cervical fascia
ANTEROLATERAL: Superficial layer of cervical fascia

Head And Neck (8 decks)

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