Blood supply

Question 0

Where does the right common carotid artery originate?

Answer 0

Bifurcation of the brachiocephalic trunk

Behind right sternoclavicular joint

Question 1

Which blood vessels form the Upper Systemic Vascular Loop?

Answer 1

Common Carotid and Vertebral arteries

Internal, External and Anterior Jugular veins

Question 2

Where does the left common carotid artery originate?

Answer 2

The arch of the aorta

Hence is longer than the right common carotid.

Question 3

Where do the common carotids terminate?

Answer 3

Midway between the angle of the mandible and the mastoid process of the temporal bone.
The upper border of the thyroid cartilage is a good landmark
C4

Question 4

What is located at the carotid sinus?

Answer 4

Baroreceptors

Question 5

What is located at the carotid body?

Answer 5

Peripheral chemoreceptors- detect arterial O2 concentrations

Question 6

What are the branches of the internal carotid artery in the neck?

Answer 6

There are none

Question 7

Name the 8 branches of the external carotid artery.

Answer 7

Stop alcohol late Friday or puke more Saturday

Superior thyroid
Ascending pharyngeal
Lingual
Facial
Occipital 
Posterior Auricular
Maxillary
Superficial Temporal

Question 8

What’s found within the parotid gland?

Answer 8

External carotid bifurcation into the maxillary and superficial temporal arteries
Facial nerve
Retromandibular vein

Question 9

Where do the vertebral arteries arise from and what do they supply?

Answer 9

From the subclavian arteries on the left and right

Supply the brain with the internal carotid arteries

Question 10

How do the vertebral arteries travel?

Answer 10

Ascend through the transverse foramen of C6->C1

Question 11

What are the boundaries of the carotid triangle?

Answer 11

SUPERIOR: posterior belly of digastric
LATERAL: sternocleidomastoid
MEDIAL: superior belly of omohyoid

Question 12

What is in the carotid triangle?

Answer 12

Carotid sheath
Thyroid gland
Larynx
Pharynx
External carotid and some branches
Hypoglossal and spinal accessory nerves 
Branches of cervical plexus

Question 13

What are the layers of the scalp?

Answer 13

SCALP
Skin
Connective tissue (dense)
Aponeurosis
Loose connective tissue- contains blood vessels
Periosteum

Question 14

Which arteries supply the scalp?

Answer 14

External carotid branches: superficial temporal, posterior auricular, occipital
Internal carotid branches: supratrochlear and suborbital (from opthalmic)

Question 15

Why can the scalp bleed profusely?

Answer 15

Numerous anastomoses
Walls of arteries are closely attached to connective tissue, limiting constriction
If laceration involves Epicranial Aponeurosis, the opposing pull of occipitofrontalis causes profuse bleeding

Question 16

Does loss of blood to the scalp result in underlying avascular necrosis of the bone?

Answer 16

No

Middle Meningeal artery supplies the skull

Question 17

Describe the venous drainage of the scalp

Answer 17

Closely mirror arterial supply
Connect with diploic veins in skull bones and the intracranial venous sinuses via valveless emissary veins
Some deep parts of the scalp in the temporal region drain into pterygoid venous plexus

Question 18

How can infection from the scalp spread to the cranial cavity and affect the meninges?

Answer 18

Spread to diploic veins of the skull and Dural venous sinuses via valveless emissary veins

Question 19

What is the arterial supply to the dura and skull?

Answer 19

Anterior and posterior branches of Middle Meningeal Artery
Branch of the Maxillary artery
Branch of external carotid artery

Question 20

What is an extradural haemorrhage and what can cause it?

Answer 20

Bleeding deep to the cranium but superficial to the dura

Caused by a fracture to Pterion of the skull rupturing the Middle Meningeal artery

Question 21

How is blood supply preserved in a craniotomy?

Answer 21

Bone and skin reflected inferiorly

Question 22

What are the Dural Venous Sinuses?

Answer 22

Endothelium lined spaces between the periosteum and meningeal layers of the Dura.
They form at Dural septae
Receive blood from large veins draining the brain

Question 23

What happens to the sigmoid sinus?

Answer 23

Continues as the internal jugular vein and exits the skull through the jugular foramen

Question 24

Where do the superficial arteries of the face arise from?

Answer 24

Mostly the external carotid

The Supraorbital and Supratrochlear are from the internal carotid via the Opthalmic artery

Question 25

What are the arteries of the face arising from the external carotid?

Answer 25

Facial
Maxillary
Superior and inferior labial (branch of facial)
Lateral nasal (branch of facial)
Angular (branch of facial)
Transverse facial (branch of superficial temporal)

Question 26

What is the venous drainage of the face?

Answer 26

Veins accompanying arteries of the face.

Drain into Facial Vein, which drains into the internal jugular vein

Question 27

What is the Cavernous Sinus?

Answer 27

Plexus of thin walled veins on the upper surface of the sphenoid bone

Question 28

What else is in the cavernous sinus?

Answer 28

Internal carotid artery
CN III- Oculomotor
CN IV- Trochlear
CN VI- Abducent
CN V- Trigeminal
         CN V 1- Opthalmic
         CN V 2- Maxillary

Question 29

What drains into the Cavernous Sinus?

Answer 29

Facial Vein and Superior Opthalmic Vein at the medial angle of the eye

Question 30

Do veins of the face have valves?

Answer 30

No

Question 31

What is Thrombophlebitis of the Facial Vein?

Answer 31

An infected clot can travel to the intracranial system by drainage of the deep facial veins into the Pterygoid plexus

Question 32

What drains into the Pterygoid Plexus?

Answer 32

Deep Facial Veins

Question 33

How do you measure JVP?

Answer 33

Internal Jugular Vein is good indicator of pressure in right atrium
Use right JVP
Patient at 45 degrees
Height of JVP from sternal angle + 5cm