Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HNN > Session 1 > Flashcards

Session 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the coverings of the brain called

A

Meninges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where do cranial nerves arise from

A

Central nervous system (mainly brainstem)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Blood vessels supplying the head and neck structures arise from or drain into branches of

A

large arteries (common carotids) and veins (subclavian veins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Neck extends from and to

A

From lower margin of mandible (jaw) to suprasternal notch of manubrium and upper border of clavicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Structures in the neck are compartmentalised by layers of

A

Cervical fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the layers of cervical fascia

A

Superficial cervical fascia and 4 deep cervical fascia layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the superficial cervical fascial layer

A

loose connective tissue largely containing adipose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What lies within the superficial cervical fascial layer

A

superficial blood vessels e.g. anterior and external jugular veins, cutaneous nerves, superficial lymph nodes and platysma muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the layers of deep cervical fascia

A

Investing layer, pretracheal layer (middle), and the prevertebral layer (deep)

Carotid sheath- formed by parts of others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the carotid sheath do

A

Encircles several key neurovascular structures running between head and thorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Pretracheal fascia is sometimes described collectively as the

A

Middle layer of deep cervical fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Prevertebral fascia is sometimes described as

A

Deep layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the investing layer do

A

Surrounds the entire neck like a collar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Investing layer splits to enclose the

A

Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, submandibular and parotid salivary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Investing layer superior margin is attached to

A

mandible, mastoid process, superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Investing layer inferior margin attached to

A

Manubrium, clavicle acromion, spine of scapula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the pretracheal layer attached to

A

Hyoid bone, extends into thorax and blends with fibrous pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the pretracheal layer consist of

A

Muscular layer enclosing the infrahyoid muscles

Visceral layer enclosing thyroid gland (false capsule), trachea and oesophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is buccopharyngeal fascia

A

Pretracheal fascial layer as it continues posteriorly to surround the muscles of the pharynx and oesophagus- fascia associated with the pharynx and oesophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where does the buccopharyngeal fascia layer run from

A

Base of skull to diaphragm,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the carotid sheath

A

Tubular, fibrous structure that extends from base of the skull through root of neck to arch of aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does the carotid sheath contain

A

Common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, cranial nerve CN and vagus nerve CN X

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where does the prevertebral layer extend from

A

Base of cranium to 3rd thoracic vertebra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Pre vertebral layer extends laterally as the

A

Axillary sheath- surrounds axillary vessels and brachial plexus of nerves running into upper limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Clinical correlate of deep cervical fascia

A

Form natural cleavage panes that allow structures to move over and pass one another, allow easy separation during surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What to fascial layers determine

A

Direction and extend to which an infection in the neck may spread, depending on whether it develops within the compartments or between fascial layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Fascial compartmentalisation of structures in neck gives rise to

A

Potential spaces between fascial planes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

When do spaces in neck distend

A

Deep neck infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Common infective source of deep neck space infections

A

Teeth, pharynx, sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Deep neck space infections key points

A

Rare but pose significant risk to life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where is the retropharyngeal space found

A

Between the prevertebral layer of fascia and the buccopharyngeal fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Key problem with retropharyngeal space

A

Space extends to length of neck, into mediastinum so retropharyngeal infections can spread inferiorly into thorax- can cause mediastinitis (life threatening)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Pro of retropharyngeal space

A

Pharynx free movement over surface of pre vertebral fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Abscess in retropharyngeal space usually secondary to

A

Infection involving upper respiratory tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Abscess in retropharyngeal space spreadys to involve the

A

Retropharyngeal lymph nodes (in supra-hyoid region in young children), atrophied by adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Retropharyngeal abscess adults cause

A

Penetrating injury of oesophagus, bacteria can enter from aero digestive tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Retropharyngeal abscess signs and symptoms

A

Visible bulge on inspection of oropharynx, sore throat, difficulty swallowing, strider, reluctance to move the neck, high temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Thyroid gland disease test

A

Ask patient to swallow and observe whether lump moves- localises pathology to thyroid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Thyroid gland anatomy

A

Enclosed by pre-tracheal fascia, attached to hyoid bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What happens during swallowing

A

Hyoid bone and larynx move up hence thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Where can an enlarged thyroid gland sometimes extend to

A

Retrosternally- through root of neck into superior thorax, via thoracic inlet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Retrosternal extension of goitre can risk

A

Compression of other structures running through narrow thoracic inlet (trachea and venous blood vessels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Symptoms of retrosternal extension of goitre and compression

A

Facial plethora (from compression impending venous drainage from head and neck), breathlessness, stridor (tracheal compression)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Test to detect retrosternal goitre

A

Pemberton manoeuvre- raising arms above head causes narrowing of thoracic inlet, causes fascial plethora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

2 major muscles of the neck

A

Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Important 3 triangles in neck

A

Anterior, posterior and carotid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Key other muscles of neck

A

Suprahyoid and infrahyoid groups of muscles (most attach to hyoid bone)

2 contribute towards boundaries of carotid triangle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Which group of muscles in the neck act as accessory muscles of respiration

A

Scalene muscles- form floor of posterior triangle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Critical structures that pass close to scalene muscles

A

Brachial plexus (trunks of plexus), subclavian vessels (pass between anterior and middle scalenes as they run into upper limb),

Phrenic nerve- arises from within neck, carrying spinal nerve routes C3,4,5, descends along surface of anterior scalene before entering into thorax

50
Q

Most important muscles of the supra and infra hyoid muscle groups

A

Digastric and Omohyoid- contribute to boundaries of carotid triangle

51
Q

2 types of muscles of face and head

A

Muscles of facial expression and muscles of mastication

52
Q

Most muscles of fascial expression lie within the

A

Subcutaneous tissue and have attachments to the bone and often each other

53
Q

Broadly speaking the muscles of fascial expression act as

A

Sphincters or dilators around bony cavities (except for buccinators which keep cheek taut to keep food in oral cavity)

54
Q

What innervates all the muscles of fascial expression including plates a

A

Branches of facial nerve

55
Q

Facial nerve is

A

Cranial nerve 7

56
Q

Facial nerve route

A

Exits base of skull to become extracranial

57
Q

Once facial nerve exits skull it runs through

A

Substance of parotid gland - nerve is vulnerable to damage in facial injuries and disease or surgery of parotid gland

58
Q

Within parotid gland the facial nerve divides into

A

5 key terminal extracranial branches

59
Q

Injury or pathology affecting the facial nerve and its extracranial branches will cause

A

Weakness of muscles of facial expression on ipsilateral side (same side) causing that side to droop

60
Q

Most common non-traumatic cause of facial paralysis is

A

Inflammation of the facial nerve (Bell’s palsy)

61
Q

Inflammation of the facial nerve causes

A

Oedema and compression of nerves

62
Q

Weakness of the facial muscles on one side in association with an ipsilateral parotid gland enlargement is

A

Highly likely to be parotid cancer- rare for benign infective inflammatory conditions to cause this

63
Q

How many muscles of mastication

A

4

64
Q

Muscles of mastication act to

A

Move the mandible at the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) when chewing food

65
Q

All muscles of mastication are supplied by

A

Branches from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (branch of CN V)

66
Q

Muscles of mastication

A

Temporalis, masseter, 2 pterygoids

67
Q

Which muscles of mastication are not palpable

A

Pterygoid- lie deep to mandible, origin is pterygoid plates (have 2 different actions on jaw open and close)

68
Q

All the muscles of mastication except one act to

A

Elevate the mandible (close jaw)

69
Q

Action of depressing mandible

A

Lateral pterygoid and suprahyoids

(Laaa = open mouth)

70
Q

Which bones form the cheek bone

A

Zygomatic and zygomatic arch

71
Q

What is the jaw bone

A

Mandible

72
Q

Big bone in middle of face

A

Maxilla

73
Q

Where is occipitofrontalis

A

Forehead

74
Q

Where is orbicularis occuli

A

Eye socket and eyelids

75
Q

Where is orbicularis or is

A

Mouth

76
Q

Where is buccinator

A

Wall of cheek

77
Q

What makes up the occipitofrontalis

A

2 muscle bellies- joined by epicranial aponeurosis

Frontal and occipital

Frontal belly inserts into skin of eyebrow, blends with muscles around orbits (no bony attachments)

78
Q

What is the action of the occipitofrontalis

A

Raises eyebrows and wrinkles skin of forehead

79
Q

What makes up orbicularis oculi

A

Flat constrictor- orbital and palpebral parts (eyelid)

80
Q

What does the orbital part of the orbicularis oculi do

A

Squeezes eyelids together slightly

81
Q

What does palpebral part of orbicularis oculi do

A

Gently closes eyelid (involuntary blinking)

82
Q

Critical role of orbicularis oculi

A

Protects eye and keeps front of eye moist (tear film)

83
Q

Orbicularis oris origin and insertion

A

Origin is maxilla And mandible
Inserts into skin and membrane of lips

84
Q

Actions of orbicularis oris

A

Purses lips together (facial expressions and speech)
Seals mouth closed (keeps food inside oral cavity)

85
Q

Buccinator actions

A

Holds cheek in towards teeth, contracted to expel air against pursed lips

86
Q

Dilators of mouth

A

Risorius and zygomaticus major - smile

87
Q

What is platysma

A

Arises from fascia overlying anterior chest (pectoralis and deltoid)

88
Q

Where does platysma insert

A

Lower part of mandible, subcutaneous tissue on skin of lower face

89
Q

Where does platysma run and what does it do

A

Runs very superficially in neck and tenses skin of anterior neck (acts to lower inferior lips)

90
Q

All muscles of facial expression innervated by

A

Extracranial branches of the facial nerve (cranial nerve 7)

91
Q

What are the 5 key extra-cranial branches of facial nerve (relationship to parotid gland)

A

Two Zebras Bit My Cock

Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Marginal mandibular, Cervical

92
Q

What is used to indicate severity of ipsilateral facial muscle weakness or paralysis

A

House-Brackmann Scale (1-6)

93
Q

What is important to asses in facial paralysis

A

Eye occlusion- inability to fully close eye = eye protection required/referral to opthalmologist

94
Q

3 key divisions of trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve 5)

A

Va ophthalmic
Vb maxillary
Vc mandibular (also motor to muscles of mastication)

95
Q

Temporalis runs from

A

Superficial temporal fossa to part of mandible

96
Q

Masseter runs from

A

Zygomatic arch to mandible

97
Q

Pterygoids work together to

A

Move mandible side to side

98
Q

Thyroid gland palpability

A

Lower part of neck, not usually palpable unless enlarged

99
Q

What nerve supplies platysma

A

Facial

100
Q

What nerve supplies Sternocleidomastoid

A

Accessory

101
Q

Sternocleidomastoid origin and insertion

A

Origin- clavicle and sternum

Inserts- mastoid process

102
Q

Action of Sternocleidomastoid

A

Rotates head so chin turns to opposite side, act together to flex neck

103
Q

What’s torticollis

A

Involuntary contraction of SCM causing asymmetrical head/neck position

104
Q

What nerve supplies trapezius

A

Accessory nerve

105
Q

Origin and insertion of trapezius

A

Origin- Occipital bone, nuchal ligament

Insertion- lateral 1/3 clavicle and acromion of scapula

106
Q

Actions of trapezius

A

Elevates shoulder and stabilises scapula

107
Q

What can lead to trapezius muscle wasting and weakness

A

Spinal accessory nerve injury

108
Q

What forms anterior triangle

A

Midline of neck, inferior margin of mandible and anterior margin of Sternocleidomastoid

109
Q

What forms the posterior triangle

A

Posterior margin of Sternocleidomastoid, anterior margin of trapezius, middle 1/3 of clavicle

110
Q

general structures where are associated with anterior triangle

A

Between head and thorax

111
Q

general structures where are associated with posterior triangle

A

Thorax/neck and upper limb

112
Q

Which neurovascular bundle lies under the SCM

A

Vagus nerve, IJV and CCA, surrounded by carotid sheath,

(Internal jugular vein always most lateral, Common carotid artery always more middle, Vagus nerve always tucked in at back)

113
Q

Boundaries of carotid triangle

A

Digastric (posterior belly), Sternocleidomastoid and omohyoid (superior belly)

114
Q

Where is carotid sheath and its contents found

A

Carotid triangle

115
Q

What is below thyroid cartilage

A

Cricoid cartilage and then thyroid gland

116
Q

Boundaries of posterior triangle

A

Trapezius, clavicle and Sternocleidomastoid

117
Q

What runs in the roof of the posterior triangle

A

External jugular vein (very superficial)

118
Q

Neurovascular structures in posterior triangle

A

Brachial plexus (communicates with upper limb) , also contains subclavian artery and vein

119
Q

Pneumonic for carotid sheath

A

IC 10 CC in the IV

Internal carotid, Vagal nerve, common carotid, internal jugular vein (level 4)

120
Q

Which side is affected and which facial nerve

A

Left side, left facial nerve palsy (ipsilateral)

121
Q

Why can she still open and close her jaw as normal despite having facial nerve palsy

A

Masicators are supplied by trigeminal nerve

HNN (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions