Review Sessions 4-8 Flashcards
Which structure is innervated by parasympathetic fibres that hitchhike on the maxillary nerve
Lacrimal gland - post ganglionic fibres from the pterygopalatine ganglion derived from the facial nerve
Which branch of the mandibular nerve passes through the mandibular canal to eventually become the mental nerve
Inferior alveolar branch
Which retinal fibres are present in the left optic tract
Left temporal and right nasal
What surrounds the optic nerve
Cranial meninges
Internal carotid plexus sending branches to occulomotor nerve are what modality
Sympathetic
Function of trochlear nerve
Somatic motor
Where does the facial nerve divide into the five terminal motor branches
Within the parotid gland
Where are the cochlear hair cells located
Organ of corti
Which part of the ear does the glossopharyngeal nerve innervate
Middle ear
Spinal part of the accessory nerve arises from
C1-5/6
What is the function of the hypoglossal nerve
Somatic motor
Majority of muscles in the tongue
Fibres from which spinal nerve root accompany the hypoglossal nerve
C1-C2
Which of the extrinsic tongue muscles is not innervated by the hypoglossal nerve
Palatoglossus (vagus)
Tentorium cerebelli is formed by the reflection of which layer of the meninges
Meningeal dura
Lateral head trauma and wedge shaped area on CT indicate
Middle meningeal artery pathology
Order of venous blood leaving cranial cavity
Superior Sagitta sinus
Confluence of sinuses
Transverse sinus
Sigmoid sinus
IJV
Crescent shape shape CT and anticoagulants indicate
Bridging vein trauma
Acute subdural haematoma
Down and out position of eye indicates
Damage to oculomotor nerve
Leaves only lateral rectus (Abducens) and superior oblique (trochlear nerve)
Which muscle moves the eye up and in
Inferior oblique
What causes downward gaze diploplia
Trochlear nerve
Weakness and atrophy are noted on a pateints left side of tongue. Where is the lesion likely located
Left hypoglossal
Which 2 cranial nerves are tested during corneal reflex
Afferent = trigeminal
Efferent = facial
Patents bites tip of tongue. Through which nerve do they feel pain
Trigeminal
Which area would correlate with left sided motor weakness
I
What is G
Thalamus
What is H
Corpus callosum
Which structures make up hindbrain
Pons
Cerebellum
Medulla
What is H
Central sulcus
what is A
Cerebellum
Compression of which cranial nerve would explain a dilated pupil
Oculomotor
Parasympathetic fibres for sphincter pupillae
Whatis B
Lateral fissure
Which structures make up forebrain
Diencepahlon
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Cerebrum
How can infection in the scalp spread intracranially
Venous blood vessels can drain into emissary veins (as well as internal and external jugular veins)
Connect scalp veins to intracranial venous structures- dural venous sinuses
How can infection around the orbit spread intracranially
Opthalmic vein drains mostly via facial vein but also to cavernous sinus
Veins are valveless- blood can pass in either direction
Visual symptoms during tumour of frontal lobe
Optic nerve is extension of forebrain
Carries layers of meninges with it
Raised ICP within subarachnoid space compresses optic nerves
What is cranial nerve 8
Vestibulocochlear
What are structures A and B
Superior sagittal sunus
Falx cerebri
Functions of facial nerve
Autonomic innervation to lacrimal glands
Taste from anterior 2/3rds of tongue
Autonomic innervation to most of the salivary glands
What passes through jugular foramen
IJV
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Special sensory nerves
Olfactory - smell
Facial - anterior 2/3 taste
Optic - vision
Vestibulocochlear - balance and hearing
Glossopharyngeal - posterior 1/3 taste
Which cranial nerves pass through the internal acoustic meatus
Facial and vestibulocochlear
What does the internal carotid pass through
Carotid canal
Petrous part of temporal bone
Carotid sheath
Which of the cranial nerves carry the afferent (sensory) signals from baroreceptors within the carotid sinus to the brainstem
Glossopharyngeal
Which two cranial nerves are involved in the corneal reflex
Afferent = Opthalmic division of trigeminal Va
Efferent = facial
What venous structure passes through D
IJV
Which artery is most associated with the post ganglionic fibres of the middle cervical ganglion
Inferior thyroid
Which cervical ganglion is most associated with the innervation of the superior tarsal muscle
Superior cervical ganglion
Left facial droop secondary to facial nerve lesion, what other problems should you look for
Dry mouth
Difficulty closing eye
Altered taste
Muscles found within eyelid receive innervation from which nerves
Sympathetic
Occulomotor
Facial
Why might patients with facial nerve lesions have difficulty closing eye
Orbicularis oculi
Parasympathetic functions associated with vagus nerve
Cardiac conducting system
Smooth muscle in respiratory tract
Mucosal glands in pharynx
Smooth muscle in GI tract
Which branches of the facial nerve arise in the petrous part of the temporal bone
Chorda tympani
Nerve to stapedius
Greater petrosal nerve
What are not functions of glossopharyngeal nerve
Motor to soft palate
Sensory to larynx
All vagus
Which part of the auricle is least likely to be affected by an auricular haematoma
Lobule as non cartilaginous
Roof of middle ear
Petrous part of temporal bone
Which nerve innervates the tensor tympani muscle
Mandibular nerve
What is number 10
Malleus
Examination of ear positions of lobe
Adult = backwards, upwards and outwards
Child = down and backwards
Likely location of facial nerve lesion in someone with facial paralysis, dry eyes, weird taste and hyperacusis
Internal auditory meatus
Middle ear lesion would compromise
Motor and taste functions but not greater Petrosal nerve - should not cause problems with lacrimation
WHat is number 5
Round window
What is the round window
Opening in cochlea of inner ear covered in a membrane
What is the oval window
Where footplate of stapes meets cochlea
Otitis externa most likely causative pathogen
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
General somatic sensation from external ear nerves
Cervical nerve C2
Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve
Vagus nerve
Does glossopharyngeal do sensation from external ear
No, middle ear
Larynx and laryngopharynx are innervated by
Vagus nerve for motor and sensory
A = ciliary body
B = Iris
C = lens
E = cornea
What is important when answering questions about cranial nerves
LEFT or RIGHT
Muscles found within the eyelid receives innervation from which nerves
Facial nerve, oculomotor nerve, sympathetic nerves
Levator palpebrae superioris is innervated by
Somatic motor fibres within occulomotor nerve
Superior tarsal muscle within it is supplied by sympathetic nervous system
Conjunctiva does not line
Lens or cornea
What happens at limbus
Conjunctiva does not continue over cornea
Superior orbital fissure transmits what
Abducens, superior Opthalmic vein, trochlear nerve, CN Va
Injury to which cranial nerve would account for diploplia worse on downward gaze
Right trochlear nerve - right superior oblique muscle paralysis
Recurrent dizziness, tinnitus and hearing loss. Episodic
What is diagnosis
Menieres disease
BPPV only affects
Vestibular apparatus- causes vertigo and no hearing loss
Vomiting is not typical
which structure comprises the majority of the fibrous layer of the eyeball
Sclera
Which structure forms the innermost layer of the eye
Retina
What is the name given to the fluid which fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye
Aqueous humour
which of the following bones does NOT contribute to the floor of the orbit
Frontal
Which of the following nerves is not found within the orbit
Facial Nerve
Which of the following structures does NOT pass through the inferior orbital fissure
Optic nerve
What is the general somatic motor function of the abducens nerve
Lateral rectus
The oculomotor nerve receives branches from the internal cavernous sinus. Which modality are these nerve fibres?
Sympathetic
What is the main action of the superior rectus muscle?
Elevation
Where is the lacrimal gland located within the bony orbit
Superior and lateral
With regards to the lacrimal gland, which of the following statements is true?
Sympathetic fibres to the lacrimal gland travel with the maxillary nerve
Where do the post-ganglionic fibres to the lacrimal gland originate ?
The post-ganglionic fibres to the lacrimal gland originate from the pterygopalatine ganglion
The tarsal Plate of the eyelid lies immmediately deep to which muscle
Orbicularis oculi
Where in the eyelid do the Meibomian glands lie
Tarsal plate
