SESIÓN 01 INTRODUCCIÓN A LA MICROBIOLOGÍA MÉDICA Y CLASIFICACIÓN DE LAS BACTERIAS.

Question 1

What did Dutch biologist Anton van Leeuwenhoek do in 1674?

Answer 1

• Discovered millions of tiny “animalcules” thru his microscope.

Question 2

What did Danish biologist Otto Muller do?

Answer 2

• Extended van Leewenhoek’s studies and classified bacteria using Carl Linnaeus’s method.

Question 3

What did German pathologist Friedrich Henle do in 1840?

Answer 3

• Proposed the Germ theory (Germs are responsible for causing human disease).

Question 4

What did Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur do in the 1870’s and 1880’s?

Answer 4

• Confirm the Germ theory.

Question 5

Who discovered penicillin in 1928?

Answer 5

• Alexander Fleming.

Question 6

What are the four general groups that microbes can be divided to?

Answer 6

• Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites.

Question 7

What are characteristics of viruses? (5)

Answer 7

• Can have either DNA or ARN but not both
• The viral nucleic acids and proteins required for replication are enclosed in a protein coat with or without a lipid membrane layer.
• True parasites; require a host to replicate
• Possible integration of viral genetic information into host genome.
• Rapid replication and destruction of host cell or long-term chronic relationship.

Question 8

What are characteristics of Bacteria?

Answer 8

• Prokaryotic
• Unicellular
• Gram positive or Negative or require to be inside a host cells or in a hypertonic environment.

Question 9

What are the organelles missing in a prokaryotic cell? (4)

Answer 9

• Don’t have a nuclear membrane, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, or endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 10

What are the characteristics of Fungi?

Answer 10

• Eukaryotic

- Unicellular (yeast that only replicate asexually) or Filamentous (mold that replicates asexually or sexually) form.

Question 11

What are the characteristics of Parasites?

Answer 11

• Eukaryotic

- Unicellular or multicellular

Question 12

What is an exogenous infection?

Answer 12

• When a person is exposed to organisms from external sources.

Question 13

What is an endogenous infection?

Answer 13

• Organisms in the person’s own microbial flora that spread to inappropriate body sites.

Question 14

What is antigenic variation?

Answer 14

• Microbes altering their antigenic complexion.

Question 15

How do microbial diseases arise? (2)

Answer 15

• Toxic effects of bacterial products (toxins) or when bacteria invade normally sterile body sites or where they are not supposed to be.

Question 16

What are some parameters and criteria that need to be met in diagnostic microbiology?

Answer 16

• The quality of the specimen collected from the patient.
• Transport conditions must ensure the viability of the pathogen.
• Must be representative of the site of infection.

Question 17

What are other differences between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes?

Answer 17

• Pro = single, circular DNA, Euk = multiple, long

- Pro = ribosome 70s (30S + 50S), Euk = Ribosome 80S (60S + 40S)

Question 18

What are some macroscopic and microscopic distinction of bacterial classification?

Answer 18

• Color, size, shape, smell, and Gram staining.

Question 19

What are some metabolic, antigenic, and genetic distinctions in bacterial classification?

Answer 19

• Metabolic signature of the bacteria (anaerobic, aerobic), specific nutrients and enzymes.
• Characteristic antigens using antibodies.
• DNA hybridization, PCR for the analysis method for classifying bacteria.