Serology Flashcards
0
Q
Test that involves antigen antibody reaction
A
Serologic test
1
Q
Main defense against extracellular organisms
A
Humoral immunity
2
Q
Used to detect unknown antigen using known antibody
A
Forward or direct
3
Q
Example of forward test
A
Red cell forward blood typing
4
Q
Used to detect known antigen using unknown antibody
A
Backward/indirect or reverse
5
Q
Physical inactivation of serum
A
Heat serum at 56C for 30mins
6
Q
Reinactivation of serum
A
Heat at 56C for 10mins
7
Q
Chemical inactivation of Serum
A
Add choline chloride
8
Q
Immunologic reaction wherein the combinations of antigen and antibody is not visible
A
Primary
9
Q
Immunologic reaction wherein Ab-Ag reaction is visible
A
Secondary
10
Q
Immunologically in vivo. Biologic reaction is detectable
A
Tertiary
11
Q
Type of antigen involve in precipitation reaction
A
Soluble antigen
12
Q
Where optimum precipitation occurs
A
Zone of equivalence
13
Q
The number of antigen and antibody is equal
A
Zone of equivalence
14
Q
Hypothesis made by Marrack that is based on the assumptions that each antibody molecule must have at least two binding sites, and antigen must be multivalent
A
Lattice hypothesis
15
Q
Many free antibody remains in the solution
A
Prozone
16
Q
Excess antigen
A
Postzone
17
Q
How to prevent prozone and postzone
A
Proper dilution
18
Q
Measure of the cloudiness of the solution
A
Turbidimetry
19
Q
Measures the light intensity due to reflection, absorption or scatter
A
Turbidimetry
20
Q
Measures light that passes through using spectrophotometer
A
Turbidimetry
21
Q
Measures the light that is scattered at a particular angle from the incident beam as it passes through a suspension
A
Nephelometry
22
Q
Measures scattered light
A
Nephelometry
23
Q
Helps to stabilize the diffusion process and allow visualization of the precipitin band
A
Agar and agarose
24
No electrical current is used
Passive immunodiffusion
25
The rate of diffusion is affected by the size of the particles, the temperature, the gel viscosity and the amount of hydration
Passive immunodiffusion
26
Preferred to agar
Agarose
27
Antibody was incorporated in a test tube
Oudin test
| Single diffusion, single dimension
28
End result of Oudin test
Precipitin line
29
Single diffusion, double dimension modification of Oudin test
Radial immunodiffusion
30
Antibody is uniformly distributed to the support gel, and antigen is applied to a well cut into the gel
Radial immunodiffusion
31
End result of RID
Precipitin ring
32
In this technique antigen is allowed to diffuse in completion, and when equivalence is reached, there is no further change in the ring diameter
Mancini or end point method
33
Measurements are taken before the point of equivalence
Fahey and McKelvey or kinetic method
34
Square of diameter is directly proportional to antigen concentration
End point method
35
The diameter is proportional to the log of concentration
Kinetic method
36
Both antigen and antibody diffuse independently through a semi solid medium in two dimensions
Ouchterlony double diffusion
37
Smooth arc
Serological identity
38
Spur
Partial identity
39
Crossed lines
No identity
40
Separates molecules according to differences in their electric charges when they are placed in an electric field
Electrophoresis
41
Combination of RID and electrophoresis
Rocket immunoelectrophoresis
Laurel method
One dimension electroimmunodiffusion
42
For the identification of monoclonal antibodies
Immunoelectrophoresis
43
Double diffusion technique with electrophoresis
Immunoelectrophoresis
44
More sensitive than immunoelectrophoresis
Immunofixation
45
By grabar and williams
Immunoelectrophoresis
46
By alper and johnson
Immunofixation
47
In a precipitation reaction how can the ideal antibody be characterized
High affinity and avidity
48
Type of antigen used in agglutination reaction
Particulate antigen
49
Antibody that causes agglutination
Agglutinin
50
Biggest immunoglobulin
IgM
51
Non-agglutinating antibody
IgG
52
Initial combination of antigen and antibody
Sensitization
53
Formation of large aggregates
Lattice formation
54
Decreases the buffer's ionic strength
Low ionic strength saline
55
Neutralizes the surface charge and allows red cell to approach each other closely
5-30% albumin
56
What makes red cell negative charge
Sialic acid
57
Reduces the water hydration around cells
Dextran
| Polyethylene glycol
58
Grade for one solid clump
4+
59
Questionable grade
1+
60
Antigen are found naturally occurring on particles
Direct agglutination
61
Test for typhoid fever
Widal test
62
Test for typhus fever
Weil felix
63
What causes typus fever
Rickettsia
64
Test for Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection
Cold agglutinin
65
Test for serotypes of salmonella
Kauffman and White
66
Hemagglutination
ABO blood group
67
Antigen are not normally found on their surfaces. Artificially attached to a carrier
Passive agglutination
68
Passive agglutination detects
Antibody
69
Antibody is attached to a carrier
Reverse passive agglutination
70
Reverse passive detects
Antigen
71
Used bacteria as the inert particle to whic antibody is attached
Coagglutination
72
Based on competition of particulate and soluble antigen for a limited antibody binding sites
Agglutination inhibition
73
Detects nonagglutinating antibody
Antiglobulin mediated antibody
74
Detect in vivo sensitization
Direct antiglobulin test
75
No incubation needed
DAT
76
In vitro sensitization
Indirect antiglobulin test
77
Incubation temperature for IAT
37C
78
Reaction wherein antigen activity is stopped by its specific antibody
Neutralization
79
A primary immunologic reaction
Labeled immunoassay
80
Designed for antigen and antibody that may be small in size or present in very low concentration
Labeled immunoassay
81
All the reactants are mixed together simultaneously
Competitive assay
82
Often called capture antibody
Noncompetitive assay
83
Amount of label is directly proportional to the amount of patient antigen
Noncompetitive assay
84
Label used in radioimmunoassay
Radioactive substance
85
Most popular isotope
125I
86
Radioimmunoassay is measured by
Scintillation counter
87
Label used for enzyme immunoassay
Enzymes
88
HPO
Horse raddish peroxidase
89
HRP
Histidine rich protein
90
Enzyme immunoassay that requires separation
Heterogeneous
91
No separation step is necessary
Homogeneous EIA
92
Other name of Noncompetitive EIA
Indirect ELISA
93
Best suited to antigen that have multiple determinant
Capture assay
94
Membrane based cassette assay
Rapid immunoassay
95
Principle of rapid immunoassay
Immunochromatography
96
Uses fluorescent compounds
Fluorescent immunoassay
97
Most common fluorochrome
Fluorescein isothiocyanate
98
Phycocyanin color
Red
99
FITC color
Green
100
Main disadvantage of immunofluorescent test
Quenching
101
Test that involves antigen antibody reaction
Serologic test
102
Used to detect unknown antigen using known antibody
Forward or direct
103
Example of forward test
Red cell forward blood typing
104
Used to detect known antigen using unknown antibody
Backward/indirect or reverse
105
Physical inactivation of serum
Heat serum at 56C for 30mins
106
Reinactivation of serum
Heat at 56C for 10mins
107
Chemical inactivation of Serum
Add choline chloride
108
Immunologic reaction wherein the combinations of antigen and antibody is not visible
Primary
109
Immunologic reaction wherein Ab-Ag reaction is visible
Secondary
110
Immunologically in vivo. Biologic reaction is detectable
Tertiary
111
Type of antigen involve in precipitation reaction
Soluble antigen
112
Where optimum precipitation occurs
Zone of equivalence
113
The number of antigen and antibody is equal
Zone of equivalence
114
Hypothesis made by Marrack that is based on the assumptions that each antibody molecule must have at least two binding sites, and antigen must be multivalent
Lattice hypothesis
115
Many free antibody remains in the solution
Prozone
116
Excess antigen
Postzone
117
How to prevent prozone and postzone
Proper dilution
118
Measure of the cloudiness of the solution
Turbidimetry
119
Measures the light intensity due to reflection, absorption or scatter
Turbidimetry
120
Measures light that passes through using spectrophotometer
Turbidimetry
121
Measures the light that is scattered at a particular angle from the incident beam as it passes through a suspension
Nephelometry
122
Measures scattered light
Nephelometry
123
Helps to stabilize the diffusion process and allow visualization of the precipitin band
Agar and agarose
124
No electrical current is used
Passive immunodiffusion
125
The rate of diffusion is affected by the size of the particles, the temperature, the gel viscosity and the amount of hydration
Passive immunodiffusion
126
Preferred to agar
Agarose
127
Antibody was incorporated in a test tube
Oudin test
| Single diffusion, single dimension
128
End result of Oudin test
Precipitin line
129
Single diffusion, double dimension modification of Oudin test
Radial immunodiffusion
130
Antibody is uniformly distributed to the support gel, and antigen is applied to a well cut into the gel
Radial immunodiffusion
131
End result of RID
Precipitin ring
132
In this technique antigen is allowed to diffuse in completion, and when equivalence is reached, there is no further change in the ring diameter
Mancini or end point method
133
Measurements are taken before the point of equivalence
Fahey and McKelvey or kinetic method
134
Square of diameter is directly proportional to antigen concentration
End point method
135
The diameter is proportional to the log of concentration
Kinetic method
136
Both antigen and antibody diffuse independently through a semi solid medium in two dimensions
Ouchterlony double diffusion
137
Smooth arc
Serological identity
138
Spur
Partial identity
139
Crossed lines
No identity
140
Separates molecules according to differences in their electric charges when they are placed in an electric field
Electrophoresis
141
Combination of RID and electrophoresis
Rocket immunoelectrophoresis
Laurel method
One dimension electroimmunodiffusion
142
For the identification of monoclonal antibodies
Immunoelectrophoresis
143
Double diffusion technique with electrophoresis
Immunoelectrophoresis
144
More sensitive than immunoelectrophoresis
Immunofixation
145
By grabar and williams
Immunoelectrophoresis
146
By alper and johnson
Immunofixation
147
In a precipitation reaction how can the ideal antibody be characterized
High affinity and avidity
148
Type of antigen used in agglutination reaction
Particulate antigen
149
Antibody that causes agglutination
Agglutinin
150
Biggest immunoglobulin
IgM
151
Non-agglutinating antibody
IgG
152
Initial combination of antigen and antibody
Sensitization
153
Formation of large aggregates
Lattice formation
154
Decreases the buffer's ionic strength
Low ionic strength saline
155
Neutralizes the surface charge and allows red cell to approach each other closely
5-30% albumin
156
What makes red cell negative charge
Sialic acid
157
Reduces the water hydration around cells
Dextran
| Polyethylene glycol
158
Grade for one solid clump
4+
159
Questionable grade
1+
160
Antigen are found naturally occurring on particles
Direct agglutination
161
Test for typhoid fever
Widal test
162
Test for typhus fever
Weil felix
163
What causes typus fever
Rickettsia
164
Test for Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection
Cold agglutinin
165
Test for serotypes of salmonella
Kauffman and White
166
Hemagglutination
ABO blood group
167
Antigen are not normally found on their surfaces. Artificially attached to a carrier
Passive agglutination
168
Passive agglutination detects
Antibody
169
Antibody is attached to a carrier
Reverse passive agglutination
170
Reverse passive detects
Antigen
171
Used bacteria as the inert particle to whic antibody is attached
Coagglutination
172
Based on competition of particulate and soluble antigen for a limited antibody binding sites
Agglutination inhibition
173
Detects nonagglutinating antibody
Antiglobulin mediated antibody
174
Detect in vivo sensitization
Direct antiglobulin test
175
No incubation needed
DAT
176
In vitro sensitization
Indirect antiglobulin test
177
Incubation temperature for IAT
37C
178
Reaction wherein antigen activity is stopped by its specific antibody
Neutralization
179
A primary immunologic reaction
Labeled immunoassay
180
Designed for antigen and antibody that may be small in size or present in very low concentration
Labeled immunoassay
181
All the reactants are mixed together simultaneously
Competitive assay
182
Often called capture antibody
Noncompetitive assay
183
Amount of label is directly proportional to the amount of patient antigen
Noncompetitive assay
184
Label used in radioimmunoassay
Radioactive substance
185
Most popular isotope
125I
186
Radioimmunoassay is measured by
Scintillation counter
187
Label used for enzyme immunoassay
Enzymes
188
HPO
Horse raddish peroxidase
189
HRP
Histidine rich protein
190
Enzyme immunoassay that requires separation
Heterogeneous
191
No separation step is necessary
Homogeneous EIA
192
Other name of Noncompetitive EIA
Indirect ELISA
193
Best suited to antigen that have multiple determinant
Capture assay
194
Membrane based cassette assay
Rapid immunoassay
195
Principle of rapid immunoassay
Immunochromatography
196
Uses fluorescent compounds
Fluorescent immunoassay
197
Most common fluorochrome
Fluorescein isothiocyanate
198
Phycocyanin color
Red
199
FITC color
Green
200
Main disadvantage of immunofluorescent test
Quenching
