Cytokines, Complement, Immuno Disorders Flashcards
Regulates immune response
Cytokines
Small soluble proteins that regulate the immune system
Cytokines
Endogenous pyrogen and induces fever in the acute phase reactants. Produced by macrophages
Interleukin 1
Has cytotoxic activity against tumor cells and virally infected cells
Tumor necrosis factor - TNF
TNF that produced by macrophages. Also called cachetin
TNF alpha
TNf that produced by CD47 and CD8. Also called lymphotoxin
TNF beta
Stimulates B cells to proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells and induces CD4+ T cells to produce greater quantities of both pro and anti inflammatory cytokines
Interleukin 6
For activation and proliferation. Also known as T cell growth factor
Interleukin 2
Enhance motility and promote migration of many types of white blood cells
Chemokines
Acts as a control to help down-regulate the inflammatory response when no longer needed
Transforming growth factor
Proteins produced by virally infected cells and protect the neighboring cells
Interferon
Type of interferon that is associated with non specific immunity. Activates natural killer cells and enhanced the expression of MHC class 1 proteins, thus increasing the recognition and killing of virus infected cells
Type 1
Type 1 alpha and beta is secreted by?
Alpha-leukocytes
Beta-fibroblasts
Type of interferon that is associated with specific immunity
Type 2
IFN gamma is secreted by?
T cells
Released by platelet during coagulation. Action against gram positive bacteria
Beta lysin
Chemical name of beta lysin
3,6-diaminohexanoic acid
Increases cytolytic ability of natural killer cells. It also serves as an important link between the innate and adaptive immune responses by enhancing defenses against intracellular pathogens
Interleukin 12
Enhances the immune response in a number of key ways
IFN gamma
Enhanced activity of:
Cytotoxic T cells
Natural killer cells
Antigen presentation
T helper Cell 1 (Th1)
Enhanced activity of: Antibody formation Allergic response Antiparasite response Antigen presentation
Th2 cell
Establishment of peripheral tolerance inhibition of:
Th1 cells
Th2 cells
Antigen presenting cells
Treg cells
Antibody responsible for immunoregulation
IgD
A substance that coats particle and makes them more susceptible to phagocytes
Opsonin
Most abundant complement protein
C3
Set of proteins that plays a role in cytolytic destruction of cellular antigens by specific antibody
Complement system
Complements the action of antibody in destroying microorganisms
Complement proteins
Initiates membrane attack complex
C5
Produced by intestinal epithelial cells
C1 components
Made in adipose tissue
Factor D
Heaviest trimolecular complex
C1
Main antibody-directed mechanism for triggering complement activation
Classical pathway
Initiated by antigen antibody reaction. Especially IgG and IgM
Classical pathway
Recognition unit of classical pathway
C1
Binds to FC region of IgM and IgG
C1q
Activation unit of classical pathway
C4, C2, C3
C3 convertase of classical pathway
C4b2a
Major constituent of the complement system.
Privotal point for all three pathways
C3
C5 convertase of classical pathway
C4b2a3b
Initiates membrane attack complex
C5
Membrane attack complex (MAC)
C5-C9
Magnesium dependent pathway
Alternative pathway
Stabilizes C3bBb-C3 convertase
Properdin
Also known as the by pass pathway
Alternative pathway
C3 convertase of alternative pathway
C3bBb3b
C5 convertase of alternative pathway
C3bBb3bP
Cleaves factor B
Factor D
Binds to C3b to form C3 convertase
Factor B
Binds to mannose or related sugars in a calcium dependent manner to initiate this pathway
Lectin lathway
Recognition unit of lectin pathway
MASP-1, 2, 3
Cleaves C4 and C2
MASP-2
Inhibits activation at the first stages of both classical and lectin pathways. It inactivates C1 by binding to active site of C1r and C1s
C1 inhibitor
Inactivates or cleaves C3b and C4b
Factor I
Complement protein that competes with factor B. Prevents binding of B to C3b
Factor H
acts as cofactor with I to inactivate C4b
C4 binding protein
Prevents attachment of the C5b67 complex to all cell membranes
S protein or vitronectin
Most common complement deficiency
C2 complement deficiency
Red blood cells that are deficient in DAF
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Deficiency or lack of C1INH
Hereditary angioedema
Prevents insertion of C9 into cell membrane
MIRL or CD59
Measures the total complement activity
CH50 assay
Tests use complement as a reagent to detect the presence of antigen or antibody
Complement fixation
Initial force of attraction between single FAB and single epitope
Affinity
Sum of all attractive forces between an antigen and an antibody
Avidity
How body recognizes and defend itself from foreign antigen
Immune response
Presence of immune response. Production of antibody
Log phase
Antibody production is equivalent to antibody degradation
Stationary
No immune response. Absence of antibody production
Lag phase
Antibody destruction is greater than antibody production
Decline phase
Type of immune response wherein there is longer lag, lower antibody. Presence of IgM
Primary response or first exposure
Shorter lag, higher antibody, IgG
Secondary exposure or subsequent exposure
Heightened state of immune responsiveness
Hypersensitivity
Exaggerated response to a harmless antigen that results in injury
Hypersensitivity
Cell bound antibody reacts with antigen to release physiologically active substances
Type 1 reactions
Sensitized T cells rather than antibody are responsible for the symptoms that develop
Type IV hypersensitivity
Antibody reacts with soluble antigen to form complexes that precipitate in the tissues
Type III hypersensitivity
Free antibody reacts with antigen associated with cell surfaces
Type II hypersensitivity
Inherited tendency to respond to naturally occurring inhaled and ingested allergens with continued production of IgE
Atopy
Antigen that triggers formation of IgE
Allergen
Immune mediator of type I
IgE
Most severe type off allergic response
Anaphylaxis
Most common form of atopy or allergy
Rhinitis
Recurrent airflow obstruction that leads to intermittent sneezing, breathlessness
Asthma
Small amount of antigen is injected
Cutaneous or prick test
Uses greater amount of antigen
More sensitive
Intradermal test
Principle of RIST and RAST
Competitive immunoassay
Measures total IgE
Radioimmunosorbent test RIST
Measures allergen specific IgE
Radioallergosorbent test RAST
Immune mediator of type II
IgG
Free antibody will bind to an antigen
Type II hypersensitivity
Clinical manifestation associated with type II
Transfusion reaction
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Associated with free antibody that attached to soluble antigens
Type III HYPERSENSITIVITY
Type III will cause immune complex or antigen antibody complex that can lead to?
Precipitation
Clinical manifestation of type III
Arthus reaction
Serum sickness
Autoimmune disorders
Localized type III reaction
Arthus reaction
Generalized type III reaction. Results from passive immunization with animal serum
Serum sickness
Chronic or delayed sensitivity.
Most significant
Type IV
Type IV immune mediator
T cells
Clinical manifestation of type IV
Contact dermatitis
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Tuberculin type sensitivity
Most common causes of contact dermatitis
Poison ivy, poison oak and poison sumac
Gold standard for contact dermatitis
Patch test
Condition in which damages to organs or tissues results from the presence of autoantibody or autoreactive cells
Autoimmune disease
Horror autotoxicus
Autoimmune disorder
Individual viral or bacterial agents contains antigen that closely resemble self antigen
Molecular mimicry
Poliovirus VP2
Acethylcholine
Measles virus
Myelin basic protein
Papilloma virus E2
Insulin receptor
Manifests itself by skin lesions
SLE
Diagnostic feature of SLE
Butterfly rash
First clue in the mystery of lupus. A neutrophil that has engulfed the antibody coated nucleus of another neutrophil
LE CElls
Extractable nuclear antigen
Anti-Sm
Commonly used. Positive in about 95% of patients with lupus.
Fluorescent antinuclear antibody
Principle behind FANA
Indirect immuno fluorescent
Staining of the entire nucleus
Homogenous
Staining throughout the nucleus
Speckled pattern
Staining of the nucleolus
Nucleolar pattern
Antibody most specific for SLE? Staining pattern?
Anti-DS DNA
Homogenous
Detected in almost all patients with drug induced lupus. Nonspecific
Anti histone antibody
Specific for lupus. Produces coarsely speckled pattern of nuclear fluorescent
Anti Sm antibody
Autoimmune disease causing chronic inflammatory on joints and periarticular tissue
Rheumatoid arthritis
Non specific marker of RA
Rheumatoid factor
Specific marker for RA
Anti cyclic citrulinated peptide
IgM class directed against the Fc portion of the IgG
Rheumatoid factor
Antibody present in the Grave’s disease
Anti thyroglobulin antibody
Organ specific condition
Hashimoto thyroiditis
Immunoglobulin class associated with hyperviscosity syndrome
IgM
Common leukocyte antigen
CD45
Predominant protein seen in plasma dyscrasias
M protein
Substance releases by mast cell that initiates allergic reaction
Histamine
Classical marker for hodgkin lymphoma
Reed Sternberg cells
Due to the infiltration of the malignant cells into the bone marrow, the spleen, and the lymph nodes. With the overproduction of monoclonal IgM
Waldenstroms macroglobulinemia
Coagulation temperature of bence jones protein
40-60C
Test used to identify hairy cell leukemia
Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase
Free immunoglobulin seen in the urine of person with multiple myeloma
Bence jones protein
Precipitate at cold temperature and can occlude small vessels in the extremities in cold weather
Cryoglobulin
CD markers of B cells
CD19, CD20, Cd22
CD markers of T cells
CD2, CD3, CD5, CD7
CD markers of NK cells
CD16, CD56, CD57
Increase in the production of lymphocyte
Immunoproliferative disease
Malignant cells arise from the secondary lymphoid tissue
Lymphomas
Virus in Hodgkin lymphomas
Epstein barr virus
CD20 positive
Nodular lymphocyte predominant HL
CD15 CD30 positive
Classic hodgkin lymphoma
Four classification of classic HL
Lymphocyte rich HL
Lymphocyte depleted HL
Mixed cellularity HL
Nodular sclerosis HL
Malignant cells arise from the bone marrow
Leukemia
Characterized by the presence of very poorly differentiated precursor cells in the bone marrow and peripheral blood
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Slow progressive disease characterized by the infiltration of the bone marrow by leukemic cells. Irregular hairy appearance
Hair cell leukemia
Overproduction of single immunoglobulin components called a myeloma protein
Plasma cell dyscrasias
Malignancy of mature plasma cell
Multiple myeloma
Deficiencies of immunoglobulin
Agammaglobulinemias
Deficiency in all antibodies, especially IgG
Transient hypogammaglonulinemia of infancy
beginning of antibody production?
4-6mos old
All antibody isotypes are reduced. Common among males.
X-linked agammaglobulinemia or Bruton’s agammaglobulinemia
Most common congenital immunodeficiency
IgA deficiency
Developmental abnormality of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches that affects thymic development
DiGeorge anomaly
Rare autosomal recessive trait. Affects an enzyme involved in the metabolism of purines.
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency
Most serious of the congenital immune deficiencies. Affect all T and B cells
Severe combined immunodeficiency SCID
Defined by the triad of immunodeficiency, eczema, and thrombocytopenia
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
Problem of the blood vessels
Ataxia-Telangiectasia
Automated system in which single cells in a fluid suspension are analyzed in terms of their intrinsic light scattering characteristics and are simultaneously evaluated for extrinsic properties using fluorescent labeled antibodies or probes
Cell flow cytometry
Major components of flow cytometer
Fluidics Laser light source Optics Photodetector Computer
