September, 27, 2023 Flashcards
what is the range of % VO2 max that is optimal for training
60%-80%
how many days should you train a week for optimal results
3-4 days
what is the duration of training for optimal results
20-30 min
what is bradycardia ( in regards to training)
Athletes and highly trained individuals may have lower resting heart rates due to their cardiovascular conditioning.
What are the three adaptions that occurs with training (refer to page 41)
Heart Rate adaptation (lower heart rate at resting and submaximal exercise)
Blood pressure (lower blood pressure)
Insulin sensitivity (improvements in insulin sensitivity, which is crucial particularly in people that are insulin resistant and have trouble using insulin to stimulate glucose uptake)
what is the hardest thing to change in regards to training adaptation
HDL
Is there a memory effect in regards VO2 max and training
no
However, it is different if you are referring to resistance training.
what is the most important factor to maintain training adaptation (from most to least important)
- intensity
- frequency
- duration
what is the function of GLUT 4 protein
primary function is to facilitate the transport of glucose from the bloodstream into these cells
what is the function of Glycogen phosphorylase (refer to page 43)
Glycogen phosphorylase is an enzyme that plays a crucial role breaking down glycogen into glucose molecules
what is the function of glycogen synthase (refer to page 43)
Glycogen synthase is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in synthesizing glycogen from glucose molecules
How is NAD regenerated during glycolysis during low energy conditions
Glycolysis Overview: Glycolysis is a series of enzymatic reactions that occur in the cytoplasm of cells and is the first step in glucose metabolism. It involves the conversion of one molecule of glucose (a six-carbon sugar) into two molecules of pyruvate (a three-carbon compound). This process generates ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is a primary source of cellular energy.
NADH Formation: In the early steps of glycolysis, glucose is phosphorylated and then split into two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). In the process, two molecules of NAD+ are reduced to form two molecules of NADH. This step occurs during the conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.
NAD+ Regeneration: The regeneration of NAD+ from NADH is crucial to sustain glycolysis, especially in low-energy conditions when ATP levels are low. This regeneration occurs through a process called the NADH shuttle or the lactate fermentation pathway, depending on the specific circumstances:
NADH Shuttle: In some tissues, such as skeletal muscle, NADH generated during glycolysis can transfer its electrons to the mitochondrial electron transport chain. This process involves the action of enzymes like the glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, which passes electrons from NADH to the electron transport chain. This allows NADH to be oxidized back to NAD+.
Lactate Fermentation: In other tissues, such as red blood cells and some types of bacteria, NADH is used to convert pyruvate into lactate. This process is called lactate fermentation and regenerates NAD+ in the cytoplasm. Lactate can be transported to the liver, where it can be converted back into glucose through gluconeogenesis.
what are the two substrates of Lactate dehydrogenase
Pyruvate and NADH
why do we start producing lactic acid at higher intensities
Lactate Production: As exercise intensity increases, oxygen availability may become limited, and the muscles rely more on anaerobic glycolysis. In anaerobic glycolysis, pyruvate is converted into lactate rather than entering the aerobic energy production pathways. This conversion to lactate is a way to regenerate NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) so that glycolysis can continue in the absence of oxygen. Without this regeneration of NAD+, glycolysis would slow down, and ATP production would be compromised.
Lactate Accumulation: As a result of anaerobic glycolysis, lactate levels in the muscles and bloodstream start to rise. This can lead to the sensation of muscle fatigue, burning, or soreness, and it is often associated with reaching the lactate threshold. The lactate threshold is the point at which the rate of lactate production exceeds the rate of lactate clearance or utilization, leading to an increase in blood lactate concentration.
Short form Summary: because of an imbalance between glycolysis and the rate of oxidation in the mitochondria
During exercise is O2 a limiting factor
O2 is not a limiting factor, it is always present in sufficient quantities
Limiting factor is ADP
BUT there are things that can lead to insufficient O2 like environment, heart, lungs
