October 30, 2023 Flashcards
explain fatigue through SR calcium release failure
- Occurs in high powered low endurance exercise
- Phosphate produced by muscle contraction can be taken up by SR where Ca is
- Calcium and phosphate are oppositely charged
- When bound calcium is stuck and can’t be released
- ↓ Ca released from SR during muscle contraction → ↓ force production
Do bigger people has more alveoli
yes
Trachea and bronchi are surrounded by what?
cartilage
page 95
bronchioles and below are made up of what muscle
smooth muscle
page 95
Bronchioles are analogous to arterioles. true of false. explain
true
these contain smooth muscle around them that allows contraction and relaxation)
where does Most gas exchange occur
alveolar ducts and the alveolar sacs
although:
Gas exchange can occur at and below the level of the respiratory bronchiole
what is Dead space
conducting zone (VD) not productive air flow yet
True or False: We are built with enough dead space to allow the air to be warmed up before it gets to our alveoli
true
list the Typical Upper Airway Cell Types
Cilia (move mucus and particles up and out )
Goblet cell
Mast cell
Epithelial cell
what is Eupnea
quiet breathing
what contracts during eupnea
Only the diaphragm contracts
During Eupnea inspiration, is lung pressure greater or lower than atmospheric pressure
lower
Pressure in the lung goes down, lower than atmospheric pressure, so the air flows in
how does expiration occur during eupnea
Diaphragm relaxation and elastic recoil returns the lung to FRC (functional residual capacity); pressure in lung is higher than atmospheric pressure so the air moves out
what is Hyperpnea
accelerated breathing
More muscles involved
Diaphragm is more active
is the diaphragm more active during eupnea or hyperpnea
Diaphragm is more active hyperpnea
Respiratory muscle activity can represent up to what percentage of VO2
Respiratory muscle activity can represent up to 10% of VO2
True or False: Respiratory muscles are like all other skeletal muscles functionally
true
do Respiratory muscles act on the chest wall to move gas in and out of lungs
yes
Does Exercise result in an increase in ventilation? If so how does this affect the workload is placed on respiratory muscles?
Exercise results in an increase in ventilation and therefore an increased workload is placed on respiratory muscles
muscle fatigue can result if exercise is greater than what percentage of VO2 max? For how long?
muscle fatigue can result if exercise is greater than
80% VO2 max for over 15 mins (acidosis)
or
50% VO2 max for greater than 120 mins (glycogen depletion)
Respiratory muscles adapt to exercise training in a similar manner to locomotor skeletal muscles which leads to what
increase oxidative capacity, mitochondrial content and respiratory muscle endurance
in what scenario can Respiratory muscles atrophy
Respiratory muscles atrophy when a patient is on an artificial ventilatory (due to spinal cord injury, or coronavirus infection)
Muscles of Inspiration
Diaphragm
External intercostals
Accessory muscles in neck (sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles); help pull ribs upward and expand the chest wall and therefore the lung since they are attached)
Muscles of Expiration
diaphragm (relaxation)
Internal intercostals
External abdominal oblique
The Shape and Size of the Lung follows what?
the ribs and diaphragm because of the pleura and fluid interface
where are the Visceral and parietal pleura located?
Visceral(touching lung) and parietal pleura (touching diaphragm) fluid located between lung and diaphragm
what is Pneumothorax
the presence of air in the pleural cavity, which is the space between the lung and the chest wall.
how does Pneumothorax occur
results if the seal is broken
Two opposing forces (chest wall going out and lung wanting to deflate); causes pulling in opposite directions and fluid in between pleura causes a vacuum; in a pneumothorax, there is no more adhesion to keep pleura together
Elastic recoil of the lung causes it to collapse
Elastic recoil of the chest wall expands the chest wall outward
FRC: functional residual capacity
Chart on pg. 99
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) is a term used in respiratory physiology to describe the volume of air that remains in the lungs at the end of a normal exhalation
FRC represents the balance between two opposing forces in the respiratory system:
Elastic recoil of the lung
Elastic recoil of the chest wall
Elastic recoil of the lung causes it to ?
collapse
Elastic recoil of the chest wall causes it to ?
expands the chest wall outward
