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KINE 4010 B > November 27, 2023 > Flashcards

November 27, 2023 Flashcards

1
Q

Review questions in beginning of lecture

A
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2
Q

how does HR, SV cardiac output(Q) compare during submaximal exercise in trained vs. untrained vs. Heart Failure(HF) individuals?

A

↓(lower) HR in T

↑(higher) SV is in T

Q is the same in T,UT, and HF people

page 152

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3
Q

what is a major adaptation of endurance training during submaximal exercise

A

Better myocardial O2 (ATP) supply

Less ATP demand, meaning reduced myocardial O2 use (VO2)

page 152

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4
Q

During maximal exercise how does training increase VO2max in regards to Q

A

During maximal exercise, training increases VO2 max by increasing Qmax

this is because the higher SV means that there is greater HR reserve to call upon at maximal exercise

page 152

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5
Q

what is the only way to increase Q in a patient with heart failure

A

In a patient with heart failure, SV cannot increase, so HR is the only way to increase Q →

large increase in cardiac work at a low workload

page 152

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6
Q

how are Cardiac work and ATP demand of the heart are estimated in a clinical setting

A

by the “rate pressure product”

Cardiac work and ATP demand of the heart are estimated in a clinical setting by the
“rate pressure product”

page 152

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7
Q

what are the Effects of Chronic Exercise Training on Left Ventricular Dimensions for ENDURANCE ATHLETES

A

Modest thickening of LV

LV dilation (bigger chamber, lengthening cells)

“Volume” overload → eccentric hypertrophy

page 153

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8
Q

what are the Effects of Chronic Exercise Training on Left Ventricular Dimensions for STRENGTH ATHLETES

A

Thickening of LV walls

no LV dilation (no change in chamber, thicker cells)

“Pressure” overload → concentric hypertrophy

page 153

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9
Q

“Volume overload → eccentric hypertrophy” is an adaptation in which type of athlete

A

ENDURANCE ATHLETES

page 153

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10
Q

“Pressure overload → concentric hypertrophy” is an adaptation in which type of athlete

A

STRENGTH ATHLETES

page 153

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11
Q

what are the Effects of Chronic Exercise Training on Left Ventricular Dimensions for a COMBO ATHLETE (BOTH STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE)

A

Thickest LV walls

LV dilation

Combination of “pressure” and “volume” overload

page 153

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12
Q

“Combination of pressure” and volume overload” is an adaptation in which type of athlete

A

COMBO ATHLETE (BOTH STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE)

page 153

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13
Q

what can Chronic pressure overload (hypertension) lead to

A

initial concentric hypertrophy leads to:

dilated cardiomyopathy (dilation (enlargement) of the heart chambers)

heart failure

LV wall thinning

page 153

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14
Q

what is the result of Chronic pressure overload (hypertension)

A

EF is low; this is pathological hypertrophy

page 153

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15
Q

what is an similarity between athlete’s heart and failing heart

A

Both athlete’s heart and failing heart have an increase in heart mass

page 153

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16
Q

what are differences between Athletes heart and Failing Heart

A

Athlete:
normal/increasesd cardiac function
reversible

Failing Heart:
↓ cardiac function
irreversible
cell death/fibrosis
increased mortality

page 153

17
Q

how does Exercise Training Protects the Heart:

Hint: 3 reasons

A

Improved blood flow distribution to cells (training-induced cardiac angiogenesis)

Increased synthesis of “stress” proteins, which refold damaged proteins brought about by ischemia

Training induced increases in the heart’s antioxidant capacity; the ability to remove free radical molecules or reactive O2 species, which damage protein lipids and DNA

18
Q

Fick equation:

A

VO2 = Q x (a-v)O2

O2 going into the muscle, and O2 coming out of the muscle (difference between this)

ex:
20 is the arterial O2 content vols % (going in)
15 is the venous O2 content vols % (untrained) (going out)

Difference of 5

page 155 look at equation

19
Q

how Training lead to an improvement in O2 extraction in regards to the fick equation

A

increased difference in (a-v)O2 because:

increased mitochondria content
increased capillary:fibre ratio (angiogenesis)

20
Q

VO2 max goes up with training due to …..

A

an increase in cardiac output (Q) and an increase in (a-v)O2

21
Q

what is angiogenesis

A

Angiogenesis is the physiological process through which new blood vessels are formed from pre-existing blood vessels.

22
Q

Newly formed capillaries improve….

A

flow distribution to individual fibres (increase
capillary:fibre ratio)

23
Q

↑ capillary:fibre ratio →

A

Shorter diffusion distance

24
Q

How does exercise-induced angiogenesis occur

A

Exercise →

an increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in muscle fibres →

Secretion into ECF →

Binds to VEGF-R on endothelial cells (receptor) →

Proliferation and migration of EC to form new capillaries

25
Q

what is is required for exercise training induced skeletal muscle angiogenesis

A

Muscle cell-derived VEGF

26
Q

Without VEG-F….

A

few capillaries around fibres

nothing happens with exercise (could not improve in absence of VEG-F)

page 157

KINE 4010 B (32 decks)

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