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Anatomy 1 > Sept 25 - CSF, Blood Supply and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Sept 25 - CSF, Blood Supply and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the ventricular system of the brain

A

4 fluid-filled cavities (approx 150 ml) within the brain. The fourth ventricle’s floor is the pons/medulla and its roof is the cerebellum

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2
Q

Name the ventricles of the ventricular system

A

There are 2 lateral ventricles, the midline third ventricle and the fourth ventricle

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3
Q

Describe the flow of the ventricles

A

There are 2 lateral ventricles that drain into the midline third ventricle through inter-ventricular foramina. The third ventricle drains into the fourth ventricle through the midline cerebral aqueduct. The fourth ventricle drains into the sub-arachnoid space of the cranial cavity median aperture and 2 lateral apertures

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4
Q

Where is the CSF produced for the ventricles?

A

Approx 500 ml of CSF is produced every day by the choroid plexus, a highly vascularized tissue found within al 4 cerebral ventricles. Plasma from the blood leaks out of the capillaries going into the ventricular system

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5
Q

What is the septum pellucidum?

A

It is the membrane separating the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles

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6
Q

What is CSF?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear fluid derived from plasma of the highly vascularized choroid plexus. It exits the fourth ventricle and into the subarachnoid space and circulates around the brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

What is the choroid plexus

A

The CP appears as tufts of material suspended within all four ventricles. It is made up of specialized epithelial cells that determine which solutes enter the CSF and which don’t

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8
Q

What happens when there is more production of CSF than of that being absorbed by the venous sinuses?

A

Hydrocephalus (too much CSF in the brain, creating pressure)

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9
Q

What are the functions of CSF?

A

It provides protection by allowing the “flotation” of the brain within the cranium. It maintains constancy of the environment for the brain (provides nutrients and ions). It removes cellular waste products - CSF eventually goes to the venous blood

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10
Q

Comment on the composition of CSF

A

It is relatively constant. Change is an indication of pathological process (examined by lumbar puncture)

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11
Q

Where does the CSF drain to?

A

Into the venous sinuses by the arachnoid villi

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12
Q

What are the arachnoid villi?

A

They are tufts of arachnoid that extend through the dura into the venous sinus

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13
Q

Where do we find the most villi?

A

The villi are most numerous within the superior sagittal sinus and are seen as arachnoid granulations

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14
Q

Name the two arteries that supply the brain with oxygen

A

The internal carotoid (anterior) and the vertebral arteries (posterior)

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15
Q

Where do you find the internal cartoid arteries?

A

In the telenchephalon and the diencephalon

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16
Q

Where do you find the vertebral arteries?

A

In the spinal cord (cervical), the brainstem, the cerebellum, the occipital and temporal lobes (inferior) (posterior and inferior parts of the cerebrum)

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17
Q

Name the three major branches of the internal carotid

A

The posterior communicating branch, the anterior cerebral and the middle cerebral

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18
Q

What does the posterior communicating branch of the internal carotid artery do?

A

It connects the anterior and posterior arterial supplies

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19
Q

Where do you find the anterior cerebral branch of the internal carotid artery?

A

In the medial and superior surfaces of the frontal and parietal lobes. It is connected by anterior communicating

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20
Q

What would be the consequence of the occlusion of the posterior communicating or anterior cerebral branch?

A

It may result in sensory and motor deficits of the contralateral body (lower limbs)

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21
Q

Where do you find the middle cerebral branch of the internal carotid artery?

A

In the lateral cortical and subcortical areas (large area)

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22
Q

What does the middle cerebral branch of the internal carotid artery do?

A

It supplies a large portion of the motor and pre-motor areas in the frontal lobe. It supplies a large area in the parietal lobe. It supplies the superior surface and anterior pole of the temporal lobe

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23
Q

What would be the result of occlusion of the middle cerebral branch of the internal carotid artery?

A

It may result in sensory and motor deficits of the contralateral body (trunk, upper limbs, head/face) and language deficits

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24
Q

Describe the entry of vertebral arteries

A

Vertebrals enter the cranium and form the single basilar artery which ascends along the pons before splitting into posterior cerebral arteries (left and right)

25
Q

What do the posterior cerebral arteries supply?

A

They supply the occipital lobe and inferior surface temporal lobe. The posterior cerebral is also connected to anterior circulation via posterior communicating artery

26
Q

Before forming the basilar artery, what do the vertebral artieres supply?

A

The supply the cervical spinal cord; the anterior spinal artery that descends along the anterior medial sulcus of the medulla and spinal cord. The vertebral arteries (and the basilar) also supply the cerebellum with 3 arteries

27
Q

Name the arteries in the circle of Willis

A

Anterior cerebral, anterior communicating, anterior cerebral, internal carotid, posterior communicating, posterior cerebral, posterior communicating, internal carotid

28
Q

Comment on the metabolic activity of the CNS

A

The CNS is very metabolically active; it requires approx 15% of cardiac output. It requires uninterrupted flow of blood as it does not store energy; if not, there is a rapid death of neurons

29
Q

What is a stroke?

A

A stroke occurs when blood supply to the brain is interrupted (i.e., ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke). Most strokes involve the arterial system as opposed to the venous system (due to the high pressure)

30
Q

What are the consequences of a stroke?

A

The loss of consciousness, electrical activity ceases, irreversible damage. Stroke is the 3rd leading cause of death in Canada

31
Q

What is an ischemic stroke?

A

Occlusion of a vessel (i.e., atherosclerosis, embolus)

32
Q

What is an hemorrhagic stroke?

A

More commonly involves smaller vessels under chronic hypertension; also subarachnoid hemorrhage (due to aneurysms)

33
Q

What is a sinus?

A

It is a channel carrying venous blood. It is functionally similar to a vein but has a different structure. They have low pressure compared to arteries

34
Q

What is the function of a sinus?

A

Sinuses convey venous blood from brain to internal jugular veins. All venous blood in the brain drains into a venous sinus (several venous sinuses in the cranial cavity)

35
Q

Name the three midline sinuses that carry bulk of the brain’s venous blood

A

Superior sagittal sinus: superior margin of falx cerebri
Inferior sagittal sinus: inferior margin of falx and flows into:
Straight sinus: junction of falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli

36
Q

Name the three major paired sinuses

A

Transverse sinus
Inferior Petrosal Sinus
Sigmoid sinus: joins with inferior petrosal to form internal jugular vein

37
Q

Describe the blood flow in the venous sinuses

A

The superficial cerebral veins drain into Superior sagittal sinus which flows into the Confluence, the Transverse, then Sigmoid, then Internal Jugular. The internal jugular vein drains the blood from the brain and returns it to the heart. Deep cerebral veins drain into the Inferior sagittal sinus from the Straight sinus, into transverse sinus

38
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

There are 12 cranial nerves that arise from the brain and innervate the head and neck (mainly), but also the thorax and abdomen

39
Q

Describe the cranial nerves

A

They may be efferent (i.e., motor nerve), afferent (i.e., sensory nerve), or mixed (both sensory and motor fibres)

40
Q

Name the 12 cranial nerves, in order

A
  1. Olfactory 2. Optic 3. Occulomotor 4. Trochlear 5. Trigeminal 6. Abducens 7. Facial 8. Vestibulocochlear 9. Glossopharyngeal 10. Vagus 11. (Spinal) Accessory 12. Hypoglossal
41
Q

What is the accronym to remember the 12 cranial nerves?

A

Oh Once One Takes The Anatomy Final, Very Good Vacations Are Heavenly

42
Q

What is the role of CN I?

A

CN I: Olfactory nerve - carries olfactory information from olfactory epithelium through the foramina of cribiform plate

43
Q

What is the role of CN II?

A

CN II: Optic nerve - Carries visual information from retina through the optic canal

44
Q

What is the role of CN VIII?

A

CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear nerve - carries balance and hearing from inner ear (cochlea and vestibular apparatus) through the internal auditory meatus

45
Q

What are the three nerves for extra-ocular muscles (enter orbit through superior orbital fissure)?

A

CN III (Occulomotor), CN IV (Trochlear) and CN VI (Abducens)

46
Q

What is the role of CN III?

A

CN III: Occulomotor - innervates 4 of the 6 extrinsic muscles of the eye, and intrinsic muscles (iris and ciliary body/lens)

47
Q

What is the role CN IV?

A

CN IV: Trochlear - innervates superior oblique (down and out muscle

48
Q

What is the role of CN VI?

A

CN VI: Abducens - innervates lateral rectus (abducts the eye)

49
Q

What is the role of CN XI?

A

CN XI: Spinal Accessory - innervates the sternocleidomastiod (rotates the head) and the trapezius muscles (shrugs the shoulders)

50
Q

What is the role of CN XII?

A

CN XII: Hypoglossal - innervates the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue

51
Q

Describe CN V

A

CN V: Trigeminal - has three branches; V1, V2 and V3

52
Q

What is the role of V1 of CN V?

A

V1: Ophthalmic - Somatosensory from cornea, nose and forehead

53
Q

What is the role of V2 of CN V?

A

V2: Maxillary - Somatosensory from maxilla, upper lip and teeth, hard palate

54
Q

What is the role of V3 of CN V?

A

V3: Mandibular - Somatosensory mandible, lower lip and teeth, anterior 2/3 of tongue. Motor muscles of mastication

55
Q

What are the roles of CN VII?

A

CN VII: Facial - Sensory (Taste: anterior 2/3 of tongue) motor (muslces of facial expression), visceral motor (all glands (salivary) of face/oral cavity except parotid gland

56
Q

What are the roles of CN IX?

A

CN IX: Glossopharyngeal - Sensory (taste: posterior 1/3 of tongue), motor (assists in swallowing) and visceral motor (parotid gland)

57
Q

What are the roles of CN X?

A

CN X: Vagus - Sensory (Taste: epiglottis; visceral sensory from respiratory tract and viscera), motor (swallowing and vomiting), visceral motor (respiratory tract, heart and esophagus, stomach and intestines)

58
Q

What is the accronym for remembering the role (sensory, motor or both) of the cranial nerves

A

Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More

Anatomy 1 (9 decks)

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