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Anatomy 1 > Oct 14 - The Neck > Flashcards

Oct 14 - The Neck Flashcards

1
Q

Name the superior borders of the neck

A

The external occipital proturbance
Tip of mastoid process
Inferior border of mandible

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2
Q

Name the inferior borders of the neck

A

Suprasternal notch
Clavicle
Acromion
Spinous process of C7 vertebra

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3
Q

What is the platysma

A

Superficial muscle of the neck. It is responsible for stretching the skin of the neck

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4
Q

Name the fascial layers of the neck from most superficial to deepest

A

Investing layer
Pretracheal layer
Carotid sheath
The prevertebral layer

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5
Q

Describe the investing layer

A

It wraps around the trapezius muscle and the sternocleidomastoid muscle

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6
Q

Describe the pretracheal layer

A

Divides into the muscular layer and the visceral layer. It contributes to the carotid sheath

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7
Q

What is found in the carotid sheath

A

The vagus nerve, the carotid artery and the jugular vein

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8
Q

Describe the prevertebral layer

A

It wraps around the posterior muscles of the neck and the vertebral column

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9
Q

What muscles divides the neck into anterior and posterior compartments?

A

The sternocleiomastoid

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10
Q

Name the suprahyoid muscles and their innervations

A

Anterior belly of digastric (Mandibular branch, trigeminal nerve)
Posterior belly of digastric (Facial nerve)
Stylohyoid (Facial nerve)
Genohyoid (Spinal nerve C1)
Mylohyoid (Mandibular branch, trigeminal nerve)

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11
Q

Name the infrahyoid muscles and their innervation

A

Sternohyiod
Omohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid

They are all innervated by the ansa cervicalis

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12
Q

Why are the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles important?

A

They are important for creating flow of mouth cavity. They keep the jugular open

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13
Q

Name the anterior prevertebral muscles and their innervation

A 
Longus colli (C2-C6)
Longus capitis (C1-C3/4)
Anterior and lateral rectus capitis (C1)
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14
Q

Name the lateral prevertebral muscles and their innervation

A 
Anterior scalenus (ventral rami of C5/6)
Medius scalenus (ventral rami of C3-C8)
Posterior scalenus (C5-C8)
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15
Q

Name the nerves of Erb’s point

A

Lesser occiptal nerve
Great auricular nerve
Transverse cervical nerve
Supraclavicular nerves

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16
Q

Name the contents of the lateral triangle of the neck

A

Brachial plexus
Vagus nerve
Sympathetic trunk

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17
Q

Describe the brachial plexus

A

As the cervical nerves (C5-T1) exit the intervertebral foramen, they mix and create a thick dense structure. They come through the lateral triangle and innervate the arm. There is a thickening of the spinal cord at this area

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18
Q

What parts of the brachial plexus is found above the clavicle?

A

The roots, the trunks and the divisions

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19
Q

Name the cords

A

Lateral cord, medial cord and the posterior cord

20
Q

Describe the nerves derived from the cords

A

The lateral cord and the medial cord come together to create the median nerve. The medial cord also becomes the ulnar nerve. The posterior cord becomes the radial nerve

21
Q

What does the vagus nerve innervate?

A

The whole neck and the contents within as well as the left upper curvature of the intestine. It’s the longest cranial nerve

22
Q

What is the important of the sensory ganglia (superior ganglion and inferior ganglion) of the vagus nerve?

A

They provide information regarding blood pressure and chemical composition

23
Q

What is the sympathetic trunk?

A

Paired bundle of nerve fibres that run from the base of the skull to the coccyx. Within the lateral triangle, it is identified by three ganglia

24
Q

What is the stellate ganglion?

A

It is a sympathetic ganglion formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical ganglion and the first thoracic ganglion (exists in 80% of cases). Located at the C7 level.

25
Q

What does the stellate ganglion do?

A

It provides sympathetic efferents to the upper extremities, the head, the neck and the heart

26
Q

What is the cervical sympathetic trunk?

A

It is located at the top of the anterior scalene muscle. It consists of the superior, middle and inferior cervical ganglia. It provides sympathetic information for the head, the neck and the heart

27
Q

What’s the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system?

A

The sympathetic nervous system makes your alert (fight or flight). The parasympathetic nervous system responses allow you to relax (rest or digest, feed or breed).

28
Q

What is the pharynx

A

It’s a muscular tube that connects the mouth cavity to the oesophagus

29
Q

Name the three parts of the pharynx

A

The nasalpharynx, the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx

30
Q

How many sets of tonsils are there?

A

There are 4 sets of tonsils that create the lymphatic ring

31
Q

Name the three muscles of outer circular layer of the pharynx

A

The superior, middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictor

32
Q

What can happen if bacteria get in the parapharyngeal space?

A

It can cause mediastinitis, which has a 50% fatality rate

33
Q

What is the larynx?

A

It’s the voice box; it allows us to talk

34
Q

How many structures does the larynx have? Name them

A

6 structures: hyoid bone, epiglottic cartilage, arytenoid cartilage, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage and trachea

35
Q

Describe the hyoid bone

A

Delicate boney structure. A broken hyoid indicates strangulation

36
Q

Describe the epiglottic cartilage

A

Lid that closes the airways when you swallow. It is important to keep the unsterile fluids and food particles out of the lungs

37
Q

Describe the thyroid cartilage

A

It’s a protector/shield for the vocal band and it serves as an attachment for laryngeal muscles. It swivels up and down on the cricoid to change pitch

38
Q

Describe the arytenoid cartilage

A

It sits on the cricoid. It moves left and right and up and down, which impacts the vocal ligaments which insert on the the inside of the thyroid caritlage. Movements of theses cartilages change the frequency of our voice

39
Q

Name the glottic spaces of the larynx

A

The supraglottic space, the transglottic space and the subglottic space

40
Q

All the muscles at the larynx close the vocal cords, except one. Name the muscle that opens it?

A

Posterior cricoarytenoid

41
Q

Name the muscles that close the vocal cords

A

The thyroarytenoid, the transverse arytenoid, the lateral cricoarytenoid, the vocalis and the cricothyroid

42
Q

Name the contents of the anterior triangle of the neck

A

The thyroid (and the pyramidal lobe) and parathyroid glands

43
Q

Name the main arterial branches of the thyrocervical trunk

A

Inferior thyroid artery, the transverse cervical artery and the suprascapular artery

44
Q

Name the arterial and venous branches of the thyroid

A

The superior thyroid artery and the inferior thyroid artery.

The superior thyroid vein, the middle thyroid vein and the inferior thyroid vein

45
Q

What is the recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

It’s a derivative of the vagus nerve. It innervates the muscles of the larynx (except the cricothyroid muscle). Irritation of this muscle can stop people from breathing

46
Q

What is goiter?

A

It is the production of thyroid tissue due to a lack of iodine

47
Q

What is Grave’s disease?

A

It is an autoimmune disease caused by a hyperactive thyroid. It can cause people to be irritable, nervous, high pulse, bulging eyes

Anatomy 1 (9 decks)

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