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Anatomy 1 > Sept 11 - Upper Extremity > Flashcards

Sept 11 - Upper Extremity Flashcards

1
Q

What do the olecranon fossa and coronoid fossa do?

A

They allow the other pieces of the arm to lock in place

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2
Q

What is a fossa?

A

A fossa is an opening

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3
Q

Describe the ulna

A

It’s on the little finger side
The proximal end is shaped like a wrench
The inner part of the wrench is the olecranon fossa/trochlear notch
The lower lip of the wrench is the coronoid process
Distal “head” is small and terminates as the ulnar styloid process medially

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4
Q

Describe the radius

A

Thumb side of the forearm
Articulates directly with the wrist
The proximal end is the small rounded head
Distal end is larger and ends as the radial styloid process laterally

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5
Q

What is the radius responsible for?

A

Supination (asking for money) and pronation (tap on the head)

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6
Q

Describe the carpel bones

A

8 short bones arranged in 2 rows in the proximal aspect of hand
Allow for mobility of the hand and opposition (unique to humans)

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7
Q

Name the 4 carpel bones in the proximal row of the wrist, from lateral to medial

A

Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum and Pisiform

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8
Q

Name the 4 carpel bones in the distal row of the wrist, from lateral to medial

A

Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate and Hamate

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9
Q

Describe the metacarpels

A

5 metacarpals make up the palm of the hand. They are numbers 1 to 5 (1 = thumb). They consist of the base, shaft and distal head. The middle metacarpal should be the highest

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10
Q

Describe the phalanges

A

Fingers of the hand. The thumb has two phalanges (distal and proximal). The remaining fingers have 3 phalanges (proximal, middle and distal).

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11
Q

Describe the elbow joint

A

Hinge type synovial joint, allows flexion/extension. During flexion, the trochlear notch of the ulna articulates with the trochlear surface of the humerus and the radial head glides on the capitulum

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12
Q

What is the carrying angle? What creates the carrying angle?

A

It’s a 15° angle of the forearm. It is greater in females to accommodate pelvic girdle (wider hips). The ulna migrates laterally because the trochlea is thicker medially.

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13
Q

Describe the proximal radioulnar joint

A

The pivot joint between the proximal radius and ulna.

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14
Q

Describe the position of the radius in relation to the ulna

A

Proximally, the radius and ulna are always side-by-side, but distally, the radius crosses over the ulna during pronation. This happens because the ulna is attached to the humerus, however the radius is only attached by a ligment

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15
Q

What comprises the wrist joint?

A

It is comprised of the distal end of the radius and the proximal row of carpel bones (the ulna is separated by a fibro-cartilagenous disc and does not contribute to the wrist joint).
In between each carpel is a joint, but globally referred to as the wrist joint.
It is a condyloid synovial joint

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16
Q

Name the function of the metacarpal-phalangeal joints

A

Aka MCPs
MCPs allow for flexion/extension, abduction/adduction (the middle finger is used as the point of reference to describe abduction and adduction

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17
Q

What makes the 1st MCP unusual?

A

It’s a saddle type synovial joint between the trapezium and the base of the first metacarpal and it allows for opposition, in addition to flexion/extension and abduction/adduction (opposition is a very limited type of rotation)

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18
Q

What are PIPs and DIPs?

A

Proximal interphalangeal joints and distal interphalangeal joints. They are hinge joints (flexion/extension, abduction/adduction

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19
Q

Name the three muscles of the biceps. Where are they located?

A

Biceps brachii (crosses both the shoulder and eblow)
Brachialis (crosses the elbow)
Coracobrachialis (crosses the shoulder)

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20
Q

Describe the biceps brachii

A

Superficial, 2 headed anterior arm muscle

Crosses the shoulder and the elbow (2 joints)

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21
Q

What is the functions of the biceps brachii

A 
Forearm supination (opens a door, opens a twist-off beer)
Secondary movements: elbow flexion (against resistance), shoulder flexion, shoulder adduction
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22
Q

Describe the brachialis

A

Flat thin muscle, deep to biceps brachii.

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23
Q

What is the function of the brachialis

A

Elbow flexion

24
Q

Describe the coracobrachialis

A

Located deep to pectoralis major, pectoralis minor and deltoid.

25
Q

What are the functions of the coracobrachialis?

A

Shoulder flexion, shoulder adduction

26
Q

What nerve innervates the three muscles of the biceps?

A

The musculocutaneous nerve

27
Q

Describe the triceps brachii

A 
3 headed muscle on posterior arm (brachium)
Long head (crosses shoulder joint)/lateral head/medial head
28
Q

What nerve innervated the triceps brachii

A

Radial nerve

29
Q

What is the function of the triceps brachii?

A

All involved in powering elbow extension (above the head, not towards the ground)

30
Q

Describe the anterior compartment of the forearm

A

Arises from the medial epicondyle
Involves flexors
Involves pronators

31
Q

Describe the posterior compartment of the forearm

A

Arises from the lateral epicondyle
Involves extensors
Involves supinators

32
Q

Describe the compartments of the forearm

A

Each compartment contains a superficial and a deep region
All forearm muscles are termed as “extrinsic muscles” of the hand
Involved in power movements of the wrist, thumb and fingers

33
Q

Name the movements of the anterior compartment of the forearm

A 
Flexion (wrist and fingers)
Ulnar deviation (adduction)
Radial deviation (abduction)
Pronation
Thumb Flexion
34
Q

Name the movements of the posterior compartment of the forearm

A 
Extension (wrist and fingers)
Ulnar deviation (adduction)
Radial deviation (abduction)
Supination
Thumb extension
Thumb abduction
35
Q

Name the common attachment points of the compartments of the forearm

A

The flexors are pushed medially to medial epicondyle of the humerus

The extensors are pushed laterally to lateral epicondyle of the humerus

36
Q

Name the five muscles of the superficial layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm

A 
Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digitorum superficialis
37
Q

Name the three muscles of the deep layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm

A

Flexor digitorum profondus
Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator quadratus

38
Q

What is flexor retinaculum

A

It creates the carpal tunnel
Each tendon of the wrist is held in place by a thick connective tissue sheath called the flexor retinaculum. Ensure the wrist is thin and efficient

39
Q

Name the five muscles of the superficial layer of the posterior compartment of the forearm

A 
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor carpi ulnaris
40
Q

Name the five muscles of the deep layer of the posterior compartment of the forearm

A 
Supinator
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor indicis
41
Q

What is the brachioradialis

A

At “top” of forearm (beer drinking muscle)
It does not cross the wrist joint so technically is not considered a member of either the flexor or extensor group of forearm muscles
Powers elbow flexion in semi-pronation
Innervated by the radial

42
Q

What is the function of brachioradialis?

A

Powers elbow flexion in semi-pronation

43
Q

What nerve innervates the brachioradialis?

A

The radial nerve

44
Q

What is the thenar

A

It is the fleshy prominence on the palm

It’s comprised of 3 muscles that act on the thumb

45
Q

What is the rule of three, in regards to the muscles of the hand?

A

Three compartments, each with comprised of 3 muscles and the compartments are innervated by three nerves

46
Q

Name the three compartments of the hand muscles

A

Thenar
Hypothenar
Central

47
Q

Name the three nerves that innervate the compartments of the hand muscles

A

Radial
Ulnar (hypothenar group)
Median (thenar group)

48
Q

Describe the thenar muscle group of the hand

A

It is the fleshy prominence on the radial side of the palm

49
Q

Describe the hypothenar muscle group of the hand

A

It is the fleshy prominence on the ball of the little finger

50
Q

Describe the central compartment of the hand

A

Muscles between hypothenar and thenar eminences

Muscles are more prominent on palmar surface

51
Q

Name the three muscles the comprise the central compartment and their function

A

Inter-ossei (abduction/adduction)
Lumbricals (flexion of the MCPs)
Adductor pollicis

52
Q

What is the palmar aponeurosis

A

It connects skin to underlying structures of the hand

It helps with holding objects

53
Q

Where do the nerves that innervate your arm muscles come from?

A

Every one of the muscles receives innervation from nerves that come from you neck, more specifically from the lower cervical (C5-C8) and ending at the upper thoracic level (T1)

54
Q

Name the 5 terminal nerves of the arms

A 
Musculocutaneous
Axillary
Radial
Median
Ulnar
55
Q

Name the root blood takes from the heart to the arm

A

Heart - (brachiocephalic - subclavian artery)/common carotid artery - axillary artery - exits shoulder/armpit region - brachial artery - ulnar and radial artiery

Anatomy 1 (9 decks)

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