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F22 - ANP1105 > Sept 16 - pages 391-397 neurons > Flashcards

Sept 16 - pages 391-397 neurons Flashcards

1
Q

what is the main receptive/input region

A

dendrite

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2
Q

dendrites

A

receiving signals foremother neurons

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3
Q

dendritic spines

A

thorny appendages having bulbous or spiky ends

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4
Q

finer dendrites are

A

highly specialized for collecting information

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5
Q

dendritic spines represent

A

points of close contact (synapse) with other neurons

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6
Q

dendrites convey incoming messages toward

A

the cell body

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7
Q

graded potentials

A

short-distance signals

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8
Q

how many axon’s does each neuron have

A

one

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9
Q

axon hillock

A

the cone shape area that thins out to the axon (area ‘above’)

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10
Q

length of the axon can be

A

small, non-existent or make up the majority of the neuron length

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11
Q

what is a nerve fibre?

A

any long axon

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12
Q

axon collaterals

A

the branches on the axon length

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13
Q

what happens to the collaterals?

A

split into smaller extensions called terminal branches

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14
Q

what can the collaterals and terminal branches be compared to?

A

collaterals are the big branches on a tree and terminal branches are little twigs coming off of the big branches

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15
Q

what is a normal number of terminal branches a neuron can have?

A

10,000

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16
Q

axolemma

A

cell membrane of an axon, the branch of a neuron through which signals (action potentials) are transmitted

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17
Q

in motor neurons, where are the nerve impulses generated and conducted?

A

at the junction of the axon hillock and axon and conducted along the axon to the axon terminals

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18
Q

where is the trigger zone located?

A

in the junction of the axon hillock and axon

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19
Q

where is the secretory region of the neuron?

A

axon terminal

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20
Q

neurotransmitters

A

signalling chemicals usually stored in the vesicles

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21
Q

what happens when impulses reach the axon terminal?

A

causes neurotransmitters to be released within the extracellular space

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22
Q

what do neurotransmitters do to nearby neurons when released? what about effector cells?

A

excite or inhibit neurons, inhibit effector cells

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23
Q

axon contains the same organelles found in the dendrites and cell body with two important exceptions, them being?

A

it lacks rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus

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24
Q

what are the consequences that the axon receives due to lack of 2 organelles?

A

depends on it cell’s body to 1) renew the necessary proteins and membrane components and 2)inefficient transport mechanism to distribute them

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25
Q

anterograde movement

A

movement away from the cell body

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26
Q

retrograde movement

A

movement towards the cell body

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27
Q

what cooperative efforts are needed for easy transport in neurons?

A

motor proteins and cytoskeletal elements including microtubules and actin filaments

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28
Q

what substances are move in the anterograde direction

A

mitochondria, cytoskeletal elements and membrane components that are used to renew axon plasma membrane and enzymes needed to synthesize certain neurotransmitters

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29
Q

what substances are moved in the retrograde direction

A

mostly organelles returning back to the cell body to be degraded or recycled

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30
Q

retrograde direction transport is also used for intracellular communication which includes

A

to advise the cell body of conditions at the axon terminals and deliver to the cell body vesicles containing signal molecules like nerve growth factor

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31
Q

there is one ——— transport mechanism that’s responsible for axonal transport. what ATP- dependent motor proteins does it use?

A

bidirectional, kinesin & dynein thats dependent on the direction of transport

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32
Q

myelin sheath description

A

white, protein-lipoid coat

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33
Q

myelin sheath funciton

A

protects and electrically insulates fibres and increases transmission speed of nerve impulses

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34
Q

myelinated fibers

A

nerve fibers that are insulated by a myelin sheat

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35
Q

myelin sheaths are associated only with

A

axons

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36
Q

dendrites are always

A

non myelinated

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37
Q

myelin sheath is formed by what cells in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

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38
Q

how does Schwann cells make myelin sheath?

A

wrapping itself several times so that the cytoplasm of the cell is forced from between the membranes

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39
Q

the plasma membrane of myelinating cells contains much less what than other plasma membranes in other body cells?

A

protein

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40
Q

what characteristic makes myelin sheath a good electrical insulators

A

lack of channel and carrier proteins

41
Q

what’s a unique thing about myelin sheaths

A

a presence of a specific protein molecule that interlocks to form a sort of molecular velcro between adjacent myelin membranes

42
Q

nodes of ranvier (myeline sheathe gaps)

A

adjacent Schwann cells have gaps between them and don’t touch, occurs at regular intervals of myelinated axon

43
Q

nonmyelinated fibers in the PNS means

A

Schwann cells haven’t coiled around the nerve and a single Schwann cell stretches and coats 15 pt motor axons and the fibres are typically thin

44
Q

what cells create myeline sheath in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

45
Q

how do oligodendrocytes create myeline that’s different than Schwann cells?

A

has multiple flat processes that can coil around as many as 60 axons at the same time

46
Q

in both the PNS and CNS the myeline sheath gaps

A

separate adjacent sections of an axons myeline sheath

47
Q

why does the CNS myeline sheath lack an outer collar of perinuclear cytoplasm?

A

cell extensions do the coiling and the squeezed out cytoplasm is forced towards the centrally located nucleus instead of peripherally

48
Q

what are non-myelinated cells cover by in long extensions in the CNS?

A

glial cells

49
Q

what is white matter made up of?

A

dense collections of myelinated fibers and primarily fibre tracts

50
Q

what is gray matter made up of?

A

mostly nerve cell bodies and nonmyelinated fibers

51
Q

how are neurons classified?

A

by structure and function

52
Q

Neurons are grouped structurally according to

A

the number of processes extending from their cell body

53
Q

three major neurons based off structure

A

multipolar, bipolar and unipolar

54
Q

polar ending in neuron classification meaning

A

end, pole (of the neuron)

55
Q

multipolar neurons

A

many processes extend from the cell body - all are dendrites except the single axon

56
Q

bipolar neurons

A

two processes extend from the cell body - one is a fused dendrite and other is an axon

57
Q

unipolar cells

A

one process extends from the cell body and forms central and peripheral processes which together comprises an axon

58
Q

relative abundance and location of: multipolar neurons

A

most abundant in the body, major neuron type in CNS

59
Q

relative abundance and location of: bipolar neuron

A

rare, found in some special sensory organs

60
Q

relative abundance and location of: unipolar neurons

A

found mainly in the PNS, common only in dorsal root ganglia of spinal cord and sensory ganglia of cranial nerves

61
Q

what is the peripheral process in the unipolar neuron for

A

often associated with a sensory receptor

62
Q

what is the central process in the unipolar neuron

A

enters the CNS

63
Q

where do unipolar neurons generate from?

A

bipolar cells

64
Q

the two processes of the bipolar cell, peripheral and central, do what during embryonic development to get a unipolar neuron

A

fuse

65
Q

if the peripheral and central processes fuse together in a unipolar cell, is it a dendrite or axon?

A

axon

66
Q

what three facts favour the process of the unipolar cell as an axon?

A

1) generates and conducts an impulse
2) when large, it is heavily myelinated
3) it has a uniform diameter and is indistinguishable microscopically Fromm an axon

67
Q

how are neurons classified functionally?

A

based on the direction in which the nerve impulse travels relative to the CNS

68
Q

what are the three neurons based on function

A

sensory neurons, motor neurons and interneurons

69
Q

sensory neurons are also called

A

afferent neurons

70
Q

sensory neurons definition

A

transmit impulses from sensory receptors towards the CNS

71
Q

virtually all sensory neurons are

A

unipolar and their cell bodies are located in the sensory ganglia outside the CNS - their peripheral processes are very long

72
Q

only the most distal parts of sensory neurons act as

A

impulse receptor sites

73
Q

the receptor endings of some sensory neutrons are —– and therefore they function as sensory receptors

A

naked

74
Q

motor neurons are also called

A

efferent neurons

75
Q

motor neurons carry

A

impulses away from the CNS to the effector organ of the body periphery (usually muscle or glands)

76
Q

most motor neurons are —– except

A

multipolar, except some neurons in the autonomic nervous system

77
Q

interneurons are also called

A

association neurons

78
Q

interneurons function and location

A

lie between sensory and motor neurons in neutral pathways and shuttle signals;s through CNS pathway where integration occurs

79
Q

interneurons make up what

A

99% of neurons in the body including most in the CNS

80
Q

almost all interneurons are

A

multipolar but differ in size and fibre branch pattern

81
Q

action potential/nerve impulse is when

A

a neuron is adequately stimulated, an electrical impulse is generated and conducted along the length of its axon

82
Q

what is the underlying cause of all functional activities in the nervous system?

A

action potential

83
Q

what is always the same regardless of the source or type of stimulus?

A

action potential

84
Q

chemically gated ion channels

A

open in response to binding of the appropriate neurotransmitter

85
Q

voltage gated ion channels

A

open in response to changes in the membrane potentials

86
Q

voltage is the

A

measure of potential energy generated by separated charge

87
Q

voltage is always measured between two points and is called the

A

potential difference or potential

88
Q

the greater the difference in charge between two points, the higher the

A

voltage

89
Q

current definition and what can It be used for?

A

the flow of electrical charge from one point to another, can be used for work

90
Q

resistance

A

is the hindrance to charge flow provided by substances through which the current must pass

91
Q

insulators

A

have high electrical resistance

92
Q

conductors

A

have low electrical resistance

93
Q

ohm’s law gives the relationship between voltage, resistance and current with the equation

A

current (i) = voltage (V)/Resistance (R)

94
Q

three portions of ohms law

A

1) current is directly proportional to the voltage
2) no net current flow between points that have the same potential
3) current is inversely related to resistance: the greater the resistance, the smaller the current

95
Q

mechanically gates channels

A

open in response to physical deformation of the receptor (as in sensory receptors for touch and pressure)

96
Q

resting potential only occurs

A

across the membrane

97
Q

negatively charges (anion) proteins help with what

A

to balance out the positive charges of intracellular cations (usually potassium)

98
Q

at resting membrane potential, the membrane is impermeable to

A

large anionic cytoplasmic proteins, very slightly permeable to sodium and 25x more permeable to potassium

99
Q

the negative interior of the cell is due to

A

potassiums greater ability to diffuse out the cell compared to sodium

F22 - ANP1105 (11 decks)

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