Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

F22 - ANP1105 > 2 - Sept.20&23 - Neurons pg. 400-412 & 414-425 > Flashcards

2 - Sept.20&23 - Neurons pg. 400-412 & 414-425 Flashcards

1
Q

What do neurons uses changes in their membrane for?

A

as communication signals to receive, integrate and send information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how is membrane potential changed

A

by anything that produces change in ion concentration on two sides of the membrane or by changing membrane permeability to ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what’s most important for transferring information?

A

permeability changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

changes in membrane potential creates what types of signals

A

graded potential and action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

graded potential

A

usually incoming signals operating over short distances that are short-lived and can be either depolarizing or hyper polarizing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

action potential

A

long-distance signals of axons, it’s a brief reversal or membrane potential with total change in voltage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

depolarizing and hyper polarizing terms describe changes in the membrane that is relative to?

A

the resting membrane potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

depolarization

A

a decrease in membrane potential - the inside of membrane becomes less negative (moves closer to 0) than the resting potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is another event that includes depolarization?

A

membrane potential reversed and moves above 0 to become positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

hyper polarization

A

increase in membrane potential - inside of membrane is more negative than resting membrane potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what increases the probability of producing nerve impulses?

A

depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how does graded potential affect current flow?

A

by creating current flows that decrease in magnitude with distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

why is graded potential called graded

A

because their magnitude varies directly with stimulus strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the stronger the stimulus is for graded potential..?

A

the more voltage changes and the farther the current flows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what triggered graded potential

A

by some change in the neurons environment that opens gated ion channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are other names for graded potentials?

A

receptor/generator potential and postsynaptic potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

receptor(generator) potential is the graded potential when

A

when the receptor of a sensory neuron is excited by some form of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

postsynaptic potential is the graded potential of

A

when the stimulus is a neurotransmitter released by another neuron - the neurotransmitter is related into a fluid filled gap and influences the neuron beyond the synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

grade potentials are essential for initiating

A

action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

why does graded potential last a short distance?

A

due to leaky plasma membrane, the current is lost through distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how does depolarization spread?

A

opposite charges attract each other and creates local currents that depolarize adjacent membrane areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what type of cells can generate action potential?

A

cells with excitable membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what cells have excitable membranes?

A

neurons and muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

depolarization is followed by —————- and often a short period of —————

A

depolarization, hyperpolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

action potential generation and transmission is identical between

A

neurons and skeletal muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

in a neuron, action potential is also called

A

nerve impulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

where is AP typically generated in a neuron

A

in axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

action potential is created by

A

adequate stimulation that’s usually started by graded potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

where does transition from local graded potential to long-distance action potential take place

A

axon hillock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

where is action potential generated In sensory neurons

A

peripheral process (axonal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

threshold

A

when depolarization reaches a certain critical level to where it becomes self-generating through positive feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what creates the upward spike of action potential

A

the rapid depolarization and polarity reversal of Na reaching +30mV in the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

true or false, can membrane potential depend on membrane permeability and membrane permeability depend on membrane potential?

A

yes true because both statements establish a positive feedback loop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is the purpose of repolarization

A

restoring the internal negativity of the resting neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is happening in permeability of the membrane during repolarization

A

decline in permeability of Na and increase in permeability of K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

repolarization only restores resting ——- conditions, not resting ——- conditions

A

electrical, ion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

action potential is what type of phenomena

A

all-or-none, happens completely or it desist happen at all

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

how is action potential propagated

A

more voltage-gated Na+ channels open as the depolarization spreads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

if action potential is similar to the domino effect within the cell, what else is doing the domino effect behind the depolarization wave going down the axon?

A

repolarization wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

if action potential is similar to the domino effect within the cell, what else is doing the domino effect behind the depolarization wave going down the axon?

A

repolarization wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what expression for AP is appropriate

A

propagation of a nerve impuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

AP is —— ——- at each membrane patch, and every subsequent AP is —— to the one that was generated initially

A

regenerated anew, identical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

once generated all AP are independent on

A

stimulus strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

how is stimulus intensity coded within the body

A

by how often it generates in a time frame (frequency)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

when a neuron is in response to AP and has Na channels opens, can it respond to any other signal?

A

no, regardless of strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what does the absolute refractory period ensure?

A

that each AP is separate, all or none event and forces one way transmission of AP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what does the absolute refractory period look like on a graph

A

it is the 1 ms peak of the AP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what happens in relative refractory period

A

Na channels have reset back to normal, some K channels are open and repolarization is occurring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

during what period can a strong stimulus retriever more frequent AP by intruding?

A

relative refractory period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

during the relative refractory period, what happens with the AP threshold?

A

threshold is higher, although can be reached and generate AP by a strong stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

rate of impulse propagation in a neuron depends on what

A

axon diameter and degree of myelination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

axon diameter size for impulse speed

A

larger the diameter, the faster the impulse speed due to lack of resistance to the flow of local currents which brings adjacent membranes to threshold more quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

continuous conduction - nonmyelinated axons

A

channels are immediately adjacent to each other but continuous conduction is slow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

the presence of myelin sheath on neurons that are sending impulses, cause what’s?

A

dramatic increase of AP propagation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

how does myelin sheath help as a conductor in propagating AP

A

the sheath prevents leakage of ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what happens to the local depolarizing current in myelinated axons during AP

A

current is maintained and moves rapidly to next myelinated sheath gap where AP is triggered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

saltatory conduction

A

when action potential is only triggered at the gaps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

saltatory conduction is ——— than continuous conduction

A

faster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

nerve fibres can be classified by

A

diameter, degree of myelination and conduction speed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

group a fibers

A

mostly somatic sensory and motor fibres serving the skin, skeletal muscles and joints - they have larges diameter and thickest myeline sheath and conduct impulse speeds up to 150m/s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

group b fibers

A

lightly myelinated fibres of intermediate diameter with conducting speed of 15m/s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

group c fibers

A

smallest diameter with no myelination and incapable of saltatory conduction and conduction speed is 1m/s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Group B and C fibres include locations in

A

the autonomic nervous system motor fibres serving visceral organs, visceral sensory fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

synape

A

junction that mediates information transfer from one neuron to the next or from a neuron to an effector cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

axodendritic synapse

A

synapses between the axon endings of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

axosomatic synapse

A

synapse between the axon endings of one neuron and cell bodies of another neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

axoaxonal

A

synapses between axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

dendrodendritic

A

synapses beween dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

somatodendritic

A

synapse between cell bodies and dendrites

70
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

neuron that conducts impulses toward the synapse

71
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

neuron that conducts the electrical signal way from the synapse

72
Q

most neurons function as both ——- and ——— neuron

A

presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron

73
Q

outside the CNS, the postsynpasitc cell may be either

A

another neuron or an effector cell (muscle or gland)

74
Q

electrical synapses are —— common variety

A

less

75
Q

electrical synapse

A

specialized connections between neurons that facilitate direct ionic and small metabolite communication

76
Q

connexons

A

protein channels found in electrical synapses

77
Q

electrical synapse are neurons that are —— coupled, and transmission is ———-

A

electrically, rapid

78
Q

through development —— synapses replaces ——- synapses

A

chemical, electrical

79
Q

during development, electrical synapses help by

A

being guiding cues in early neuroscience development so connection between neurons are proper

80
Q

chemical synapses

A

specialized to allow the release and reception of chemical neuortransmitters

81
Q

what is a typical chemical synapses made up of

A

a knob like axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron and a neurotransmitter receptor region on the postsynaptic neuron membrane

82
Q

what does the knob like axon terminal on a chemical synapse have?

A

synaptic vesicles that each contain thousands of neurotransmitter molecules

83
Q

where is the neurotransmitter receptor region located ?

A

on dendrite or cell body

84
Q

how are presynaptic and postsynaptic region separated

A

synaptic cleft

85
Q

synaptic cleft

A

fluid filled space - similar to a lake size division

86
Q

the synaptic cleft prevents what during transmission

A

direct transmission

87
Q

how are impulses transmitted from one to another

A

via chemical event

88
Q

what does a chemical event rely on?

A

the release, diffusion and receptor binding of the neurotransmitter molecules, which results in unidirectional communication

89
Q

what signal is transmitted through the neuron

A

electrical

90
Q

what type of signal is communication made between two neurons

A

chemical

91
Q

chemical signalling is then converted to what when reached the postsynaptic neuron

A

electrical

92
Q

three ways neurotransmitters are terminated

A

reuptake, degradation, diffusion

93
Q

reuptake of neurotransmitters

A

re absorption by astrocytes or presynaptic terminal, where the neurotransmitter is stored or destroyed by enzymes and norepinephrine

94
Q

degradation of neurotransmitters

A

broken down enzymes associated with the post-synaptic membrane or present in the synapse with acetylcholine

95
Q

diffusion of neurotransmitters

A

done away from the synapse

96
Q

synaptic delay

A

the time interval between inward current through the presynaptic membrane and commencement of inward current through the postsynaptic membrane - meaning that the process of chemical communication will and needs to be slower

97
Q

chemical synapses are either

A

excitatory or inhibitory

98
Q

excitatory synapses

A

Depolarization that spreads to axon hillock and moves membrane potential toward threshold for generating another action potential

99
Q

inhibitory synapses

A

binding of neurotransmitters reduces a postsynaptic neurons ability to generate an AP - membrane potential is moved away from threshold

100
Q

excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A

a postsynaptic potential that makes the postsynaptic neuron more likely to fire an action potential at the axon hillock of postsynaptic neuron

101
Q

EPSP - how is AP generated

A

if currents reaching hillock are strong enough to depolarize the axon to threshold

102
Q

how do most inhibitory neurons work

A

hyper polarize the postsynaptic membrane by making it more permeable to K or Cl

103
Q

how does inhibitory neurons decrease the chance of AP

A

by increasing membrane potential and creating a larger and larger need for depolarization to generate AP

104
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP)

A

hyper polarizing changes in potentials

105
Q

a single event of SPSP ——— induce an AP in the postsynaptic neuron

A

cannot

106
Q

what are the two types of summation

A

temporal and spatial

107
Q

temporal summation

A

occurs when one or more presynaptic neurons transmit impulses in rapid fire order and bursts of neurotransmitters are related in quick succession

108
Q

temporal summation causes the postsynaptic membrane

A

to depolarize much more than it would from a single EPSP

109
Q

spatial summation

A

occurs when the postsynaptic neuron is stimulated simultaneously by a large number of terminals from one or many presynaptic neurons

110
Q

spatial summation causes

A

dramatic depolarization

111
Q

what happens to transmitters in spatial summation

A

huge numbers of receptors bind with neurotransmitters and simultaneously initiate EPSP

112
Q

how does EPSP get triggered in temporal summation

A

first impulse causes a small EPSP then before it dissolves the successive impulses trigger more EPSP

113
Q

EPSP and IPSP both summate

A

temporally and spatially

114
Q

what keeps a running account of all the signal a neuron recieves

A

axon hillock

115
Q

T/F IPSP and EPSP summate with each other

A

true

116
Q

facilitated neurons

A

partially depolarized and closer to threshold

117
Q

where do inhibitory synapses occur most often

A

on the cell body

118
Q

where do excitatory synapses occur most often

A

the dendrites

119
Q

EPSP and IPSP are graded potentials that

A

decay over distance

120
Q

the most effect synapses are the ones closest to

A

axon hillock

121
Q

synaptic potentiation

A

is a persistent increase in synaptic efficacy that can be quickly induced through repeated or continuous use of synapse

122
Q

higher Ca concentrations mean what for the neuron and transmission

A

triggers more neurotransmitter release and produces larger EPSP

123
Q

presynaptic inhibition - how it happens

A

occurs when the release of excitatory neurotransmitter by one neuron is inhibited by another neurons activity via an axoaxonal synapse

124
Q

presynaptic inhibition definition

A

decreases the excitatory stimulation of the postsynaptic neuron

125
Q

difference of post synaptic inhibition IPSP and presynaptic inhibition

A

IPSP decreases the excitability of postsynaptic neuron VS decrease of excitatory stimulation

126
Q

neurotransmitters are classified by

A

chemical and function

127
Q

classification of neurotransmitters based on chemical structure

A

acetylcholine, biogenic amines, amino acids, peptides, purines, gases and lipids

128
Q

biogenic amine neurotransmitter examples

A

norephiephine, dopamine, serotonin, histamine

129
Q

catecholamines examples

A

norephiephine and dopamine

130
Q

indolamine examples

A

serotonin and histamine

131
Q

peptide neurotransmitter example

A

endorphines

132
Q

purine neurotransmitter example

A

ATP

133
Q

the function of a neurotransmitter is dependent on

A

the receptor to which it binds to

134
Q

functions of neurotransmitters

A

effect - inhibitory or excitatory
actions - direct or indirect

135
Q

direct neurotransmitters

A

those that bind to and open ion channels - they provoke rapid responses in postsynaptic cells by altering the membrane potential

136
Q

indirect neurotransmitters

A

promote broader, longer-lasting effects by acting through intracellular second-messenger molecules

137
Q

what is typically used as a second messenger in indirect neurotransmitters

A

g-protein pathways

138
Q

indirect neurotransmitters example

A

hormones

139
Q

neuromodulator

A

to describe a chemical messenger released by a neuron that does not directly cause EPSPs or IPSPs but instead affects the strength of synaptic transmission

140
Q

how would a neuromodulator work presynaptically

A

it may act presynaptically to influence the synthesis, release, degradation or reuptake of neurotransmitter

141
Q

how would a neuromodulator work postsynaptically

A

by altering the sensitivity of the postsynaptic membrane to neurotransmitter

142
Q

the activity mediated by g protein-linked receptors is

A

indirect, complex and slow and often prolonged

143
Q

function of neuronal pools

A

functional groups integrate incoming information received from receptors or other pools and then forward the processed information to other destinations

144
Q

what is the periphery of the neuronal pool called

A

facilitated zone

145
Q

what is the discharge zone in the neuronal pool

A

postsynaptic neurons that receive more synapses and are more likely to discharge (aka create AP)

146
Q

circuits

A

the pattern of synaptic connections in neuronal pools

147
Q

circuits determine

A

the pools functional capabilities

148
Q

4 basic circuit patters

A

diverging, converging, reverberating and parallel after-discharge

149
Q

patterns of neural processing

A

serial and parallel

150
Q

input processing is both

A

serial and parallel

151
Q

serial processing

A

the input travels along one pathway to a specific destintion

152
Q

parallel processing

A

input travels along several different pathways to be integrated in different CNS regions

153
Q

the brain derives its power from its ability to process

A

in parallel

154
Q

reflexes

A

automatic and rapid responses to stimuli

155
Q

simple reflex arc steps

A

receptor, sensory neuron, integration centre, motor neuron and effector (effector is muscle or gland)

156
Q

diverging circuit

A

one input, many output - amplifying circuit

157
Q

converging circuit

A

many inputs, one output - concentrating circuit

158
Q

reverberating circuit

A

signal travels through a chain of neurons with the feeding of the previous neuron - oscillating circuit and controls rhythmic activity

159
Q

parallel after-discharge circuit

A

signal stimulates neurons arranged in parallel arrays that eventually converge on a single output cell - called after-discharge since output cell receives input at different times

160
Q

what is parallel processing important for

A

higher-level mental functioning

161
Q

how did the nervous system originate

A

from a dorsal neural tube and the neural crest, formed from surface ectoderm

162
Q

three step process of differentiation

A

1 - they proliferate to produce enough cells for nervous system development
2 - the potential neurons (neuroblasts) become amitotic and migrate into their characteristic positions
3 - the neuroblasts sprout axon to connect with their functional targets and doing so become neurons

163
Q

growth cone

A

the growing tip of an axon

164
Q

How do neurons know where to go?

A

extracellular and cell surface proteins provide anchor points for growth cone

165
Q

neurotropins

A

chemical signals that tell the growth cone where to go

166
Q

netrin tells growth cone

A

come this way

167
Q

ephrin tells growth cone

A

go away

168
Q

semaphorin tells growth cone

A

stop here

169
Q

throughout development, what needs to be present to keep neuroblast alive

A

neurotropic factors like nerve growth factor

170
Q

how does neuroblast know what target cell to form a synapse with

A

special cell adhesion molecules couple then generate intracellular signals to recruit vesicle containing preformed synaptic components

171
Q

dendrites and astrocytes and cholesterol are active partners in the process of

A

synapse formation

F22 - ANP1105 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions