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F22 - ANP1105 > 3 - Homeostasis - chapter 14 only > Flashcards

3 - Homeostasis - chapter 14 only Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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2
Q

homeostasis

A

ability to regulate stable internal conditions despite external changes

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3
Q

negative feedback loop consists of?

A

stimulus, sensor, control and effector & then it loops

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4
Q

autonomic nervous system consists of motor neurons that:

A
  • innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
  • make adjustments for optimal support of body activities (e.g. increased respiration for running)
  • operate via subconscious control
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5
Q

What are other names for autonomic nervous system?

A

Involuntary nervous system or general visceral motor system

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6
Q

ANS is the involuntary branch of what PNS branch?

A

motor (efferent)

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7
Q

what are the two divisions of the motor efferent PNS

A

Somatic NS and Autonomic NS

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8
Q

what are the 3 essential characteristics of homeostatic control

A

receptor, control centre and effector

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9
Q

receptor function

A

senses change (stimulus & receptor) and sends into (afferent pathway)

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10
Q

control centre function

A

determine set point for variable maintenance by analyzing info and determining correct response

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11
Q

effector function

A

provides means for response feedback (output along efferent pathway) and allows for regulation within a range/enhanced response

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12
Q

Examples of functions ANS can do

A
  • delivers blood to more in need areas
  • controls heart and respiratory rate
  • adjusts blood pressure and body temperatures
  • increase/decease gastric secretions
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13
Q

what is the somatic nervous system cell body in the CNS?

A

a single, thick myelinated group A axon that extends from spinal or cranial nerves directly to skeletal muscle - rapid conduction with no ganglia

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14
Q

Autonomic NS efferent pathway consists of two-neutron chain, what is each neuron called?

A

preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron

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15
Q

preganglionic neuron description

A

thin and lightly myelinated preganglionic axon that extends to autonomic ganglion

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16
Q

postganglionic neuron (outside CNS) description

A

unmyelinated postganglionic axon that extends to effector organ

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17
Q

how does the the preganglionic neuron communicate to the postganglionic neuron?

A

at the autonomic ganglion, postganglionic neuron synapses with preganglionic axon

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18
Q

afferent pathway

A

effector organ towards brain

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19
Q

efferent pathway

A

brain towards effector organ

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20
Q

autonomic ganglion defintion

A

sites where information (action potentials) coming from the central nervous system is transmitted to the periphery via synaptic neurotransmission.

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21
Q

what are the two neurotransmitters at the effector for the ANS? what fiber secretes which?

A

norepinephrine sympathetic fibers and acetylcholine parasympathetic fibers

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22
Q

what is the transmitter effect on the effector organ in ANS?

A

can be either stimulatory or inhibiting depending on the organ

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23
Q

conduction in the ANS is more —– compared to somatic NS. Why?

A

slow because the neurons are lightly or not myelinated at all

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24
Q

parasympathetic division function

A

‘rest & digest’ - promotes maintenance functions and converses body energy

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25
Q

“D” system

A

parasympathetic system - digestion, defecation and diuresis

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26
Q

sympathetic division function

A

fight or flight system - important during exercise - mobilizing the body during activity

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27
Q

“E” system

A

Exercise, excitement, emergency, embarrassment

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28
Q

Sympathetic (vasomotor) tone

A

state of partial vasoconstriction of the blood vessels maintained by sympathetic fibers

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29
Q

parasympathetic tone

A

normal (background) level of parasympathetic output; stains normal GI and urinary tract activity and lowers heart rate

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30
Q

what is the name of post ganglionic neurons swellings? What is its function?

A

varicosities; release neurotransmitter along the length of the axon

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31
Q

(general) three main anatomical differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic NS divisions

A
  1. sites or origin
  2. relative lengths of fibers
  3. location of ganglia
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32
Q

anatomical differences of parasympathetic NS compared to sympathetic NS

A
  1. fibers originate in brain stem or sacral spinal cord in PNS - fibers are in thoracic and lumbar spinal region SNS
  2. preganglionic fibers are long, postganglionic fibers are short PNS - reversed for SNS
  3. ganglia is near or within visceral effector organs PNS - ganglia are close to spinal cord SNS
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33
Q

vagus nerves account for what % of all preganglionic parasympathetic fibers in body

A

90%

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34
Q

Sacral part of parasympathetic division neurons are located and originated from which vertebrates? Which organs does it serve?

A

originates from neurons in S2-S4 and serves pelvic organs and distal half of large intestine

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35
Q

axons travel in ventral root of spinal nerves branch off to form?

A

pelvic splanchnic nerves

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36
Q

sacral part of PNS synapse with

A
  • ganglia in pelvic floor
  • intramural ganglia in walls of distal half of colon, urinary bladder, ureters and reproductive organs
  • mostly controls sphincter function
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37
Q

inferior hypogastric [pelvic] plexus

A

ganglia located in pelvic floor

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38
Q

which Autonomic NS division has many cranial nerves?

A

parasympathetic

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39
Q

adrenergic fibers

A

fibers that release norepinephrine

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40
Q

cholinergic fibers

A

fibers that release acetylcholine

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41
Q

what brain regions communicate subconsciously with the hypothalamus (aka the integrated of the ANS)

A

cerebral cortex (frontal lobe) and limbic system (emotional input)

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42
Q

Describe the levels of control of the autonomic nervous system that are conscious in communication

A

1) hypothalamus
2) brain stem (reticular formation etc.)
3) spinal cord

43
Q

Baroreflex function

A

to sense pressure changes by responding to change in the tension of the arterial wall.

44
Q

what are Baroreceptors

A

mechanoreceptors located in the carotid sinus and in the aortic arch

45
Q

3 levels of regulation of autonomic function

A
  1. brain stem & spinal cord controls
  2. hypothalamic controls
  3. cortical controls
46
Q

importance of brain stem and spinal cord controls in ANS

A
  • has direct effects on ANS-regulated activities
  • motor centres are in ventro-lateral medulla
47
Q

what regions of hypothalamus are the divisions of ANS associated with?

A

anterior regions = parasympathetic
posterior areas = sympathetic

48
Q

the hypothalamus is considered what of the ANS?

A

integration centre since it contains centres of activities the ANS is responsible for

49
Q

cortical controls

A

the normal regulation of an activity, such as movement of a limb, by the cerebral cortex.

50
Q

3 diseases of homeostatic imbalances of ANS

A

hypertension, Raynaud’s disease, and autonomic dysreflexia

51
Q

muscarinic receptors are found in

A

all effector cells stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic fibers

52
Q

what is the effect of ACh at muscarinic receptors?

A
  • can be inhibitory or excitatory
  • effect depends on receptor type of target organ
53
Q

one division usually predominates with P&S but in a few cases, the divisions have a ?

A

cooperative effect

54
Q

both ANS divisions are partially active, resulting in a basal —– and —— ——–?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic tone

55
Q

action potentials continually firing down axons of both divisions produces a dynamic —— interaction which works to precisely control visceral activity

A

antagonistic

56
Q

ANS is under control of CNS centres in what regions?

A

brain stem and spinal cord, hypothalamus and cerebral cortex

57
Q

dorsal root ganglia is part of the —— division of the PNS

A

sensory

58
Q

autonomic ganglis is a —– ganglia, containing the cell bodies of —– neurons

A

motor; motor

59
Q

all somatic motor neurons release what neurotransmitter? what is always the effect of it?

A

acetylcholine; excitatory

60
Q

dual innervation of the ANS

A

the two divisions counterbalance each other to keep the body systems running smoothly

61
Q

degree of branching in preganglionic fibers in parasympathetic NS

A

minimal

62
Q

degree of branching in preganglionic fibers in sympathetic NS

A

extensive

63
Q

what neurotransmitters are used in parasympathetic pre-and post- ganglionic fibers

A

all pre and post fibers release ACh (cholinergic fibers)

64
Q

what neurotransmitters are used in the pre- and postganglionic fibers of sympathetic NS?

A

all preganglionic fibers & the postganglionic fibers serving sweat glands release ACh —– the rest of postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine

65
Q

craniosacral division is an alternate name for? and why?

A

parasympathetic division of ANS; because preganglionic fibers spring from opposite ends of CNS (brain & sacral)

66
Q

parasympathetic preganglionic axons extend from CNS all the way up close to the ——- ——–

A

target organ

67
Q

where is the terminal ganglia located in the parasympathetic NS

A

close or within target organ

68
Q

what cranial nerve does preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic NS run in? And where are they located?

A

oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus (3,7,9,10); cell bodies lie in the brain stem in motor nuclei of the cranial nerve

69
Q

How is the vagus nerve different in distribution of nerves compared to CN3, 7, 9?

A

its nerves are more widespread in the body, not just limited to the head

70
Q

where are postganglionic fibre of parasympathetic NS?

A

not in CN, they latch onto branches of the trigeminal nerve for its wide spread distribution

71
Q

nerve plexuses contain fibers from which ANS divisions

A

both sympathetic and parasympathetic

72
Q

axons running from S2-S4 run in the ventral roots to the ventral rami to then branch off into —– —– nerves. These pass though the — —- plexus.

A

pelvic splanchnic; inferior hypogastric

73
Q

why is sympathetic NS more anatomically complex than parasympathetic?

A

it innervates more organs

74
Q

what superficial structures are only innervated by sympathetic nervous system

A

sweat glands (eccrine and apocrine), hair-raising arrector pili muscles of the skin and smooth muscle in the walls of all arteries and veins, superficial and deep

75
Q

lateral horns are not located where? in what ANS division?

A

sacral region of spinal cord for parasympathetic NS

76
Q

ganglia vary in size, position, and number but how many are there typically in each sympathetic trunk?

A

23

77
Q

once a preganglionic axon reaches a trunk ganglion, where are the 3 locations synapses can occur? Pre and post ganglionic neurons can…

A
  1. synapse in trunk ganglion at the same level
  2. synapse in trunk ganglion at a higher or lower level
  3. pass through symplastic trunk to synapse in a collateral ganglion anterior to the vertebral column
78
Q

sympathetic drink ganglia is in located where?

A

paired and beside spinal cord

79
Q

collateral ganglia is what ANS division and location?

A

sympathetic NS and unpaired & anterior to the spinal cord

80
Q

rami communicates are associated only with?

A

sympathetic NS

81
Q

white rami communicantes carry what fibers to where and location found

A

preganglionic axons to sympathetic trunk; found only in T1-L2 cord segments

82
Q

grey rami communicates carry what fibers and fibres from and to

A

postganglionic fibers headed for the periphery issue from every trunk ganglion from cervical to sacral region

83
Q

what’s the purpose of grey rami communicates to grab information from the whole spinal cord?

A

to allow for sympathetic output to reach all body parts

84
Q

function of visceral sensory neurons

A

send information about chemical changes, stretch, temperature and irritation of the viscera

85
Q

where are visceral sensory neurons located?

A

dorsal root ganglia and sensory ganglia of cranial nerves

86
Q

visceral reflex arcs have essentially the same components as somatic reflex arcs - receptor, sensory neuron, integration centre, motor neuron, and effector - what are the 3 key differences?

A
  1. visceral reflex has 2 consecutive neurons (pre/postganglionic) in its motor component
  2. afferent fibers are visceral. sensory neurons instead of somatic sensory neurons
  3. the effectors are smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands instead of skeletal muscles
87
Q

what are the 3-neuron reflex arcs? What system do they make up?

A

sensory neurons, interneurons and motor neurons; enteric nervous system

88
Q

what are the two types of ACh-binding receptors?

A

nicotinic receptors and muscarinic receptors

89
Q

nicotinic receptors respond to

A

nicotine

90
Q

muscarinic receptors are activated by

A

mushroom poison muscarine

91
Q

when ACh binds to nicotinic receptors, the effect is always —– & how?

A

stimulatory by directly opening ion channels and depolarizing postsynaptic cell

92
Q

nicotinic receptors are found where?

A
  • all postganglionic neurons in both ANS divisions
  • hormone-producing cells of adrenal medulla
  • the sarcolemma of skeletal muscle cells at neuromuscular junctions (somatic targets)
93
Q

muscarinic receptors are found

A

on all effector cells stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic fibers

94
Q

what happens when ACh binds to a muscarinic receptor

A

effect is inhibitory or stimulatory - depending on the subclass of muscarinic receptor on the target organ

95
Q

what are the two major lasses of adrenergic receptors?

A

alpha and beta

96
Q

how is alpha and beta adrenergic receptors further classified?

A

alpha 1, alpha 2 - beta 1, beta 2, beta 3

97
Q

organs that respond to norepinephrine or epinephrine have how many receptor subtypes?

A

more than one

98
Q

NE or epinephrine can be either excitatory or inhibitory depending on?

A

the subclass of receptor predominating in the target organ

99
Q

vasomotor fibers

A

sympathetic fibers that cause contraction of smooth muscle in walls of blood vessels; regulating blood vessel diameter

100
Q

what glands does parasympathetic fibers not activate?

A

adrenal glands and sweat glands of the skin

101
Q

what can override parasympathetic tone?

A

sympathetic nervous system and drugs

102
Q

roles that sympathetic division is responsible for

A
  • thermoregulatory responses to heat
  • release of renin from the kidneys
  • metabolic effects
103
Q

what are some metabolic effects the sympathetic division can do that’s not reversible for the parasympathetic division ?

A
  1. increase metabolic rate of body cells
  2. raise blood glucose levels
  3. mobilize fats for use as fuels
104
Q

sympathetic nerve impulses act briefly but the hormonal effects they provoke ——-; explains the widespread and prolonged effects of sympathetic activation

A

lingers longer

F22 - ANP1105 (11 decks)

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