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F22 - ANP1105 > 1 - Cells & tissues > Flashcards

1 - Cells & tissues Flashcards

1
Q

levels of structural organization

A

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal

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2
Q

cell definition

A

structural and functional unit of life

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3
Q

cell diversity

A

over 200 types of cells that differ in shape, size and funciton

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4
Q

generalized cell - common structures and functions of human cells

A

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

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5
Q

histology definition

A

study of tissues

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6
Q

tissues are

A

groups of cells similar in structure that perform common or related function

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7
Q

nervous tissue is responsible for?

A

control, regulation through internal communication

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8
Q

types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal, cardiac and smooth

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9
Q

connective tissues are responsible for?

A

Supporting, protecting and binding other tissues together

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10
Q

four basic tissue types

A

epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue

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11
Q

epithelial tissue definition

A

a sheet of cells that lines the body’s surface and or lines a body cavity

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12
Q

the covering and lining of the epithelium creates?

A

boundaries

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13
Q

what epithelium creates secretion

A

granular epithelium

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14
Q

six epithelial functions

A

protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion and sensory reception

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15
Q

what is the basal lamina

A

noncellular, underlying supportive sheet of primarily glycoproteins

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16
Q

two function of basal lamina?

A

filter and scaffold

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17
Q

how is epithelial tissue nourished?

A

through diffusion from connective tissues

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18
Q

what is an important feature of cancerous epithelial cells?

A

they fail to respect the boundary imposed by the basement membrane

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19
Q

how are epithelial cells classified?

A

by cell shape and layer

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20
Q

what are the cell shapes?

A

squamous, cuboidal and columnar

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21
Q

what are the cell layers?

A

simple epithelia and stratified epithelia

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22
Q

simple epithelia characteristics

A

single layer of cells

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23
Q

stratified epithelia characteristics

A

2 or more layers of cells

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24
Q

in stratified epithelia, how is it classified?

A

by cell shape in apical layer

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25
Q

endothelium

A

lining of the blood vessels and heart

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26
Q

mesothelium

A

epithelium of serous membranes in ventral body cavity

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27
Q

major role of stratified epithelial tissues

A

protection

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28
Q

stratified epithelial tissues characteristics and function

A

two or more cell layers, regeneration from below from basal cell and migrate up. Protection is major function

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29
Q

endocrine glands

A

release product (hormones) directly into blood - ductless

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30
Q

exocrine glands

A

release products into ducts

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31
Q

unicellular exocrine glands

A
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32
Q

multicellular exocrine glands

A
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33
Q

4 types of simple epithelia

A

simple squamous, cuboidal, columnar and pseudo stratified columnar epithelium

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34
Q

simple squamous epithelium function

A

allows for diffusion and filtration where protect is to important - secretes lubricating substances in serosae

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35
Q

serosae

A

Serous membrane - outer lining of organs and body cavities of the abdomen and chest, including the stomach

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36
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium function

A

secretion and absorption

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37
Q

simple columnar epithelium function (non ciliated)

A

absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes and other substances

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38
Q

simple columnar epithelium function (ciliated)

A

propels mucus by ciliary action

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39
Q

stratified squamous epithelium function

A

protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

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40
Q

types of cell shapes in stratified squamous epithelium

A

free surface squamous, deeper layer cuboidal or columnar

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41
Q

What is the most wide spread stratified epithelia?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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42
Q

granular epithelium

A

one or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid (secretion)

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43
Q

what are glandular epithelia classified by?

A

site of product release (endocrine or exocrine) and relative number of cells forming the gland

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44
Q

all endocrine glands are?

A

multicellular

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45
Q

unicellular exocrine glands definition

A

one cell, no ducts and is usually just a goblet cell

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46
Q

multicellular exocrine glands

A

epithelium derived duct and secretory cells - surrounded by supportive connective tissue to deliver blood vessels and nerves

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47
Q

goblet cell consists of what organelles?

A

microvilli, Golgi apparatus, rough ER, nucleus, secretory vesicles containing mucin

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48
Q

classification of multicellular glands consist of?

A

structure and type of secretion

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49
Q

structures of multicellular glands

A

simple (unbranched duct) or compound (branched)

50
Q

types of secretion for multicellular glands

A

merocrine, holocrine, apocrine

51
Q

merocrine

A

most common, secretes products by exocytosis as produced

52
Q

merocrine gland examples

A

pancreas, salivary glands

53
Q

holocrine

A

accumulate products within then ruptures

54
Q

holocrine gland examples

A

sebaceous glands only

55
Q

apocrine

A

accumulates products within then apex pinches off

56
Q

the apocrine causes controversy because?

A

it might not exist in the body

57
Q

is mammary gland apocrine or merocrine?

A

apocrine

58
Q

5 types of connective tissue

A

mesenchyme, CT proper, cartilage, bone and blood

59
Q

main functions of CT

A

binding/support, protection, insulation, storage and transportation

60
Q

what are the three structural elements of CT

A

ground substance, fibres, cells

61
Q

what is ground substance in CT

A

interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins and proteoglycans

62
Q

the ground substance acts as a what?

A

molecular sieve for substances to travel between blood capillaries and cells

63
Q

ground substance allows the CT to ___ to the matrix?

A

attach

64
Q

what are some of the adhesion proteins that help cells attach to the CT elements?

A

fibronectin and laminin

65
Q

what are proteoglycans?

A

provides hydration and swelling pressure to the tissue for withstanding compressional forces

66
Q

types of fibres in CT

A

collagen, elastic and reticular

67
Q

collagen fibers

A

high tensile strength

68
Q

elastic fibers

A

allows for stretching and recoil

69
Q

what is the structure of elastin?

A

coiled

70
Q

reticular fibers

A

thin collagenous protein, fine network to support blood vessels and soft tissues

71
Q

CT is ___ cells surrounded by ____ (depending on tissue type)

A

living, matrix

72
Q

blasts (cell)

A

actively dividing/synthesizing cells during growth and repair

73
Q

cytes (cell)

A

primarily provide a level of maintenance

74
Q

three kinds of loose CT

A

areolar, adipose, reticular

75
Q

areolar CT function

A

wraps and cushions organs, important for inflammation, holds and conveys tissue fluid

76
Q

adipose CT function

A

provides reserve food fuel, insulates, supports and protects organs

77
Q

reticular CT function

A

forms soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cells, like WBT, mast cell and macrophages

78
Q

three types of dense CT

A

dense regular, dense irregular, elastic

79
Q

dense regular CT function

A

attaches muscle to bone and/or muscles, bone to bone, withstands great stress when force is in one direction

80
Q

tendons attach what to what?

A

muscle to bone

81
Q

ligaments attach what to what?

A

bone to bone

82
Q

aponeuroses attach what to what?

A

muscle to muscle

83
Q

dense irregular CT function

A

withstands tension exerted in many directions and provides structural strength

84
Q

elastic CT function

A

allows tissue to recoil after stressing, maintains flow of blood through arteries and helps in passive recoil of the lungs after inspiration

85
Q

what is the major cell type in dense regular and irregular CT?

A

fibroblast

86
Q

dense regular CT location

A

tendons, most ligaments and aponeuroses

87
Q

location of dense irregular CT

A

on the fibrous capsules of organs and of joints, dermis and submucosa of digestive tract

88
Q

location of elastic CT

A

walls of large arteries, within certain ligaments on vertebral column and walls of bronchial tubes

89
Q

what is cartilage made up of?

A

collagen fibres and a bit of elastic fibres & made up of up to 80% water

90
Q

What does cartilage ground substance contain?

A

GAGs, chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid and chondronectin

91
Q

how would you describe cartilage?

A

tough but flexible

92
Q

what are the three types of cartilage?

A

hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage

93
Q

types of bone cells

A

osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

94
Q

osteoblast defintion

A

bone producing cell, matures into osteocyte

95
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cell

96
Q

where are osteocytes located?

A

space in the bone matrix called lacunae

97
Q

osteoclasts function

A

degrade bone to initiate normal bone remodelling and mediate bone loss in pathologic conditions

98
Q

How do osteoclasts mediate bone loss by pathologic conditions?

A

by increasing their resorptive activity

99
Q

blood function

A

transport respiratory gases. nutrients, wastes and other substances

100
Q

why is blood classified as connective tissue?

A

it consists of cells surrounded by a non living fluid matrix

101
Q

what is the nonliving fluid matrix in blood called?

A

blood plasma

102
Q

what is the finer components in the blood?

A

soluble protein molecules

103
Q

when are the diner components of the blood visible?

A

during clotting

104
Q

what are the subclasses of bone tissue?

A

compact and spongy

105
Q

what cells are in the blood?

A

RBC, WBC, platelets

106
Q

what is the bone matrix composed of?

A

gel-like ground substance calcified with inorganic salts and collagen fibres

107
Q

what is the matrix of blood made up of?

A

plasma and no fibres

108
Q

where is simple squamous epithelium located?

A

kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of the heart, blood and lymph vessels

109
Q

where is simple cuboidal epithelium located?

A

kidney tubules, ducks and secretory portions of small glands and ovary surface

110
Q

where is simple columnar epithelium located? (ciliated)

A

small bronchi, uterine tubes and some areas of uterus

111
Q

where is simple columnar epithelium located? (non-ciliated)

A

lines most of digestive tract, gallbladder and excretory ducts of some glands

112
Q

Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium located? (ciliated)

A

trachea and most of upper respiratory tract

113
Q

Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium located? (non-ciliated)

A

In sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands

114
Q

how is epithelial tissue supported by the CT? What does it involve?

A

basement membrane = basal lamina and underlying reticular CT

115
Q

what is an important feature of cancerous epithelial cells?

A

they fail to respect the boundary imposed by the basement membrane

116
Q

What are specialized contacts of epithelial tissue?

A

cells fit closely together and form a continuous sheet

117
Q

transitional epithelium is a type of —— epithelium

A

stratified

118
Q

what is the function of transitional epithelium ?

A

to change shape in response to stretching

119
Q

how does transitional epithelium look when 1) stretched and 2) relaxed

A

squamous, cuboidal

120
Q

—– epithelial tissue is stronger than simple epithelia

A

stratified

121
Q

stratified squamous epithelium is located in places for the purpose of

A

wear and tear

122
Q

what is the most widespread of stratified epithelia

A

stratified squamous

F22 - ANP1105 (11 decks)

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