Sensory systems and sensorimotor

Question 1

What does perception depend on?

Answer 1

stimulus and prior knowledge

Question 2

What part are receptor organs?

Answer 2

PNS

Question 3

what part is the brain and spinal cord?

Answer 3

CNS

Question 4

Afferent nerves?

Answer 4

carry information from senses to the brain

Question 5

Efferent nerves?

Answer 5

carry information from brain to muscles or glands

Question 6

How does light enter the eye?

Answer 6

electromagnetic radiation?

Question 7

What is the duplexity of vision?

Answer 7

Rods and cones

Question 8

What do cones do?

Answer 8

Photopic vision (day time)

Question 9

What do rods do?

Answer 9

Scotopic vision (night time)

Question 10

What is visual transduction?

Answer 10

transferring light to neurons?

Question 11

How are neural messages formed in vision?

Answer 11

presence of light changes the membrane

Question 12

Where does the visual neruonal message go to?

Answer 12

retinal ganglion and down the optic nerve

Question 13

How are visual brain areas organised?

Answer 13

retinotopically

Question 14

What is the ventral stream?

Answer 14

what stream (object recognition)

Question 15

What is the dorsal stream?

Answer 15

Where stream (the spatial field information)

Question 16

How to sound waves enter the ear?

Answer 16

through the auditory canal and to the eardrum

Question 17

What is the name of auditory receptors?

Answer 17

basilar

Question 18

Where does information project to from the ears?

Answer 18

superior colliculus

Question 19

What regulates light into the eyes?

Answer 19

the iris

Question 20

What is the retina?

Answer 20

layer of tissue located at the back of the eye

Question 21

What cells are specialized for lateral communication?

Answer 21

amacrine cells and horizontal cells

Question 22

How do retinal neurons communicate?

Answer 22

through synapses and gap junctions

Question 23

How is the retina formed?

Answer 23

inside out (must pass through layers to ganglion cells

Question 24

What area of the eye is specialised for high acuity vision?

Answer 24

foeva

Question 25

How is the blind spot in the receptor layer fixed?

Answer 25

the brain fills in the missing information

Question 26

What is the Pukinje effect?

Answer 26

change in scotpic and photopic when the day transitions (flowers)

Question 27

What are cuaneous receptors?

Answer 27

skin receptors

Question 28

What is important about skin receptors

Answer 28

We often don't pay attention to all pressures on the skin like wearing clothes

Question 29

What is the dorsal column medial leminiscus system?

Answer 29

sensory neurons enter spinal cord via dorsal root

Question 30

Where foes the dorsal column medial leminiscus system synapse?

Answer 30

column nuclei of the medulla

Question 31

What is the somatopic map?

Answer 31

somatosensory homunuculus

Question 32

What happens when you damage the somatosensory cortex?

Answer 32

mild damage because the system has multiple pathways

Question 33

Highest level of somatosensory hierachy?

Answer 33

prefontal and posterior parietal cortex

Question 34

What is asterognosia?

Answer 34

inability to recognise objects by touch

Question 35

What is asomatognosia?

Answer 35

failure to recognise part of ones own body

Question 36

Who did the rubber hand illusion?

Answer 36

Botvinivk & Cohen (1998)

Question 37

Why is the rubber hand illusion different?

Answer 37

multisensory integration

Question 38

Where does the brain interpret both visual and tactile integration?

Answer 38

parietal cortex

Question 39

Why is pain important in somatosensory system

Answer 39

it has not cortical representation

Question 40

Where is pain activated?

Answer 40

anterior cingulate cortex (fMRI)

Question 41

what is pain also modulated by?

Answer 41

emotional and cognitive factors

Question 42

What is neuropathic pain?

Answer 42

pain with an absence of stimuli

Question 43

what are chemical sense?

Answer 43

taste, smell, pheremones

Question 44

Who said there was little evidence for pheremones in humans?

Answer 44

Wyatt (2017)

Question 45

Where are smells taken in from?

Answer 45

mucus covered tissue in upper nose

Question 46

How is smell entered to brain

Answer 46

enter olfactory bulbs and then synapse to neurons that project via olfactory bulbs

Question 47

What is amygdala important for?

Answer 47

emotional responses

Question 48

What is hippocampus important for?

Answer 48

memory

Question 49

what is orbifrontal area important for?

Answer 49

identification and discrimination

Question 50

Where does conscious movement intention stem from?

Answer 50

inferior partietal lobule

Question 51

Who did the study on the somatosensory map plasticity and string players?

Answer 51

Elbert et al. 1995

Question 52

Who did the optimal feedback control theory?

Answer 52

Scott (2004)

Question 53

What is the optimal feedback control theory?

Answer 53

explains how the brain controls movement as efficient as possible

Question 54

How can the optimal feedback control theory be applied?

Answer 54

motor learning, rehabilitation, robotics and prosethetics

Question 55

What is the primary sensory cortex?

Answer 55

receives most of its inputs from the thalamic relay nuculei

Question 56

What is the secondary sensory cortex?

Answer 56

receives most input from primary sensory cortex of that system

Question 57

What is the association cortex?

Answer 57

receives input from one or more system via the secondary sensory cortex

Question 58

Who explained the hierarchial system of senses?

Answer 58

Reeve et al (2002)

Question 59

what happens when you damage the sensory receptor

Answer 59

blindness, deafness etc

Question 60

Who said sensory systems are parallel and complex?

Answer 60

Rauschecker (2015)

Question 61

3 ossicles of the ear?

Answer 61

malleus, incus and stapes

Question 62

What is the organ of the corti?

Answer 62

organises the auditory system in tonotpic

Question 63

where is auditory cortex?

Answer 63

temporal lobe

Question 64

How many distinct areas are in auditory cortex?

Answer 64

13

Question 65

What type of organization does the auditory system have?

Answer 65

tonotopic

Question 66

Where are components of sound organised?

Answer 66

temporal lobe

Question 67

Where are auditory visual organization?

Answer 67

posterior parietal cortex

Question 68

What is the exteropceptive system?

Answer 68

mechanical, thermal and nociceptive stimuli

Question 69

What is interoceptive system?

Answer 69

within the body

Question 70

What does the dorsal column medial leminiscus system control?

Answer 70

touch and proprioception

Question 71

what does the anterolateral pathway control?

Answer 71

pain and temperature

Question 72

Where does the anterolateral pathway synapse on?

Answer 72

spinal cord

Question 73

Where are the primary and secondary somatosensory cortex?

Answer 73

parietal lobe

Question 74

The highest level of sensorimotor processing?

Answer 74

association cortex

Question 75

What happens when you stimulate the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?

Answer 75

make subjects believe they are performing an action