Brain damage and neuroplasticity

Question 1

what are the two types of tumours

Answer 1

encapsulated and infiltrated

Question 2

What is a stroke

Answer 2

Cerebrovascular accident, when blood flow to an area is interrupted

Question 3

What area of the hippocampus is larger in taxi drivers?

Answer 3

posterior hippocampus

Question 4

When are glutamate antagonist effective after a stroke?

Answer 4

immediately after?

Question 5

What is an ecapsulated tumour?

Answer 5

Tumour grown within the membrane

Question 6

What is an infiltrated tumour?

Answer 6

Tumour that grows through the surrounding tissue

Question 7

What percentage of tumours are menigiomas?

Answer 7

20%

Question 8

What is an menigioma

Answer 8

Tumour grown between the meniges

Question 9

what are meniges?

Answer 9

Protective covering the brain and spinal cord

Question 10

what did Paramei and Sable say about infiltrating tumours?

Answer 10

typically malignant

Question 11

What is an infarct?

Answer 11

area of dead tissue

Question 12

What is penumbra?

Answer 12

Dysfunctional area of the brain

Question 13

Post-symtoms of a stroke?

Answer 13

aphagia, paralysis, apraxia, agnosia

Question 14

What is a haemorrhagic stroke?

Answer 14

Weakened blood vessel supplying the brain bursts

Question 15

Risk factors for a stroke?

Answer 15

smoking, obesity, hear disease, hypertension, diabetes

Question 16

what is an ischemic stroke

Answer 16

stroke caused by blockage

Question 17

What is an embolism

Answer 17

piece of blood clot that enters the blood stream

Question 18

what is a mechanism of ischemic stroke?

Answer 18

Glutamate (excitatory neurotransmitter

Question 19

What does the excessive release of glutamate do?

Answer 19

concentration of Na+ and Ca2+ which kills other neurons from the post-synaptic neuron

Question 20

What is a closed head injury?

Answer 20

Head injury with no puncture

Question 21

What is a contusion?

Answer 21

bruising of the brain

Question 22

what is a concussion?

Answer 22

mild traumatic brain injury

Question 23

what is chronic traumatic encephalopathy?

Answer 23

degenerative brain disease associated with repeated head trauma

Question 24

Short term effects of CTE

Answer 24

confusion, nausea, headaches, blurry vision

Question 25

Long term-effects of CTE?

Answer 25

addictions (gambling), poor financial decisions, violence

Question 26

Example of open head injury?

Answer 26

Phineas Gage (1848)

Question 27

What area did Phineas Gage damage

Answer 27

Orbitofrontal cortex

Question 28

What do infections in the brain cause?

Answer 28

encephalitis

Question 29

What is encephalitis?

Answer 29

inflammation of the brain

Question 30

Example of brain bacterial infections?

Answer 30

Menigitis, abscesses, pareisis

Question 31

What is toxic psychosis?

Answer 31

chronic insanity produced by a neurotoxin

Question 32

what are auto-immune diseases caused by?

Answer 32

interaction between genes, environmental factors epigenetic deregulation

Question 33

what is down-syndrome?

Answer 33

trisomy of chromosome 21

Question 34

who did the study with hippocampus and the taxi drivers?

Answer 34

Maguire et al. 2000

Question 35

What does the posterior hippocampus do?

Answer 35

intergrates infromation from the spatial field into memory

Question 36

Who did the study on the facial behaviour in brain damaged patients?

Answer 36

Borod et al (2000)

Question 37

What side of the brain is dominant for expression of facial movement

Answer 37

right

Question 38

which side of the brain gets bucco-facial apraxia?

Answer 38

left

Question 39

buccofacial appraxia

Answer 39

cannot make voluntary movements involving facial movements like winking