Hunger, eating & Health Flashcards
What are the three systems that control appetite?
homeostasis, food reward and cognitive control
Where are the cognitive factors?
prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
Where are the homeostasis factors?
Hypothalamus
Where are the reward systems?
dopamine and opioid systems
Who created the tri-model of appetite control?
Higgens et al., 2017
What does the hypothalamus do
Contains peripheral signals from the body and controls hunger, satiety and energy
What are peripheral signals
Chemical and neuronal information
What is homeostasis more sensitive to?
under-consuming
What is the role of dopamine?
Goal-directed behaviour and linked to wanting
What is opioid?
liking but not wanting
Brain regions that are related to food intake?
hypothalamus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens and brainstem
What would happen if the nucleus of solitary was destroyed?
over consumption of food
What happens if leptin was destroyed?
cause predispose of obesity
What does leptin do?
regulates energy balance by inhibiting hunger
What is leptin resistance?
high circulating leptin levels and low responses to exogenous leptin
What does the caudal brainstem do?
locomotor and oralmotor skills
What can’t the brainstem do?
respond to long-term homeostatis challenges
In an fMRI study what neuronal areas were important for food processing?
gustatory, visceral, olfactory, pre-frontal and orbi-frontal areas. Amygdala and hippocampus
Who did the study on food stimuli (pizza) on overweight participants?
Ferriday & Brunstrom (2010)
What brain regions are related to PICA?
frontal lobe and hypothalamus
What neurotransmitters are related to PICA?
dopamine and serotonin
What psychological factors are related to PICA?
stress and trauma
Who did the study on the 8-year-old and PICA
Rangwala et al. (2017)
Where did the eight-year old have tumour?
anterior cingulate gyrus (frontal lobe)
Energy is delivered in three forms?
lipids, amino acids and glucose
Energy is stored in three forms
fats, glycogen and proteins
Three phases of energy metabolism
Cephalic, absorptive and fasting
What does insulin do?
Stored in the pancreas, regulates blood sugar levels and facilitate uptake of glucose
What is the set point assumption
You eat when there are low energy (homeostatic model)
Who said that set-point assumption is a negative feedback system?
Clemensen et al (2017)
Two types of set point assumptions
glucostatic and lipostatic
What is the positive incentive perspective
pleasure of eating
What can explain the positive incentive perspective
evolution and temporal factors
Who said humans prefer snacks all day because they know there is an endless supply
Collier (1986)
What does the hypothalamic nuclei do?
Input signals from periphery like leptin, insulin, ghrelin and neuronal signals and regulates hunger, satiety and energy levels
Who did the willpower depletion theory?
Baumeister et al (1998)
What is the willpower depletion theory
limited amount of will power that will decrease over time
What did the University of Toronto say?
use of willpower leaves a reduced activity in the anterior cingulate
Who said the more cognitive power you use the less brain fuel?
Gallirot et al (2007)
Who said variety stimulates appetite (i.e sweet treats?
Raynor et al (2007)
Who said that perceptive variety like M&Ms affects food intake?
Kahn & Wansink, 2004
Who did the study on patient RH and memory on food?
Rozin et al (1998)
Who said memory on eating can be improved with mobile app?
Whitelock et al (2019)
French paradox
French eat till not hungry vs USA eat till full (Wansink et al. 2007)
who did the study on social cognition of eating
Lafaire et al. 2016
Social environment and eating
Peer modelling, post natal and genes
Cognitive factors and eating
discrimination, visual exposure, feelings and emotions
Who did the study on dysfunctional eating in pandemic?
Costa et al (2022)
