Research Methods

Question 1

How is muscle tension measured?

Answer 1

Electromyographic signals (electrical potential)

Question 2

How are eye movements measured?

Answer 2

elecrooculgraphic signals (electrodes to measure membrane potential)

Question 3

How to measure skin conductance?

Answer 3

electrodermal response (measure sweat gland activity)

Question 4

How to measure cardiovascular activity

Answer 4

heart rate recorded by electrocardiogram (EKG)

Question 5

What does an EEG do?

Answer 5

measure the electrical activity of neurons

Question 6

Pros of EEG

Answer 6

Non-invasive, painless, non-restrictive, low cost

Question 7

What is the EEG mainly used for?

Answer 7

Diagnosis of epilepsy as it measures electrical activity into waves

Question 8

Cons of EEG?

Answer 8

low spatial resolution, task orientated, signal data affected by eye movement

Question 9

What is a CT?

Answer 9

Computer enhanced X-Ray of brain structures

Question 10

Pros of CT

Answer 10

used to look for brain abnormalities

Question 11

Cons of CT

Answer 11

Only portray brain structure, radiation exposure

Question 12

What is a MRI?

Answer 12

Magnetic field to visualize the internal structure

Question 13

What is special about MRI

Answer 13

Distinguish bone, ligaments and white/gray matter

Question 14

What is white matter?

Answer 14

Axons connecting parts of grey matter together

Question 15

What is DTI?

Answer 15

Investigate the white matter - so the brain’s structural activity

Question 16

What is a PET scan?

Answer 16

measuring which area of the brain has the most activity by indicating which area has more oxygen and glucose

Question 17

What do you ingest for PET scans?

Answer 17

metabolically active chemicals

Question 18

Pros of PET scans

Answer 18

Shows which area of brain is related to specific type of mental process, can study neurotransmitter circuits

Question 19

Cons of PET scans

Answer 19

Expensive, radiation exposure, poor spatial resolution

Question 20

What is a fMRI

Answer 20

metabolic changes related to neural activity and measures the ratio of oxygenated vs deoxygenated blood

Question 21

What is fMRI used for

Answer 21

Study functional defects in brain like cortical regions in schizophrenia

Question 22

Pros of fMRI

Answer 22

high resolution, 3d images, no radiation

Question 23

Cons of fMRI

Answer 23

expensive, low temporal resolution, increase in magnetic field

Question 24

what is a fNIRS

Answer 24

Near infrared light on scalp

Question 25

What does fNIRS measure?

Answer 25

optical imaging and provides measure of neuronal activation

Question 26

Pros of fNIRS

Answer 26

less sensitive to motion than fMRI, cheaper, good temporal resolution

Question 27

Cons of fNIRS

Answer 27

Only measure activity near to surface of the brain, poor spatial resolution

Question 28

What is TMS

Answer 28

interferes with neural activity and leaves a temporary lesion

Question 29

What is an intercranial EEG?

Answer 29

Craniotomy then grid of electrodes

Question 30

Who is an intercranial EEG typically used for?

Answer 30

drug resistant epileptic patients

Question 31

What is the knockout technique

Answer 31

Studying subjects that miss a gene to see what it controls

Question 32

What is neuropsychological testing

Answer 32

Performance based testing (for people who have brain damage or severe mental health)

Question 33

What is fNIRS typically used to study

Answer 33

patients with major depressive disorder

Question 34

Who said that fNIRS is not suited to activate deep cerebral structures?

Answer 34

Rive et al (2013)

Question 35

In MDD patients what does fNIRS show?

Answer 35

lower PFC activation

Question 36

Who said that in MDD treatment needs to be longer to prevent relapse?

Answer 36

Adorni et al (2016)

Question 37

What does DBS do?

Answer 37

acts as a brain pacemaker via neurostimulation

Question 38

Common target areas in DBS?

Answer 38

subthalamic nucleus, globus pallidus and thalamus

Question 39

What conditions does DBS treat?

Answer 39

Parkinsons, epilepsy, OCD, depression and anorexia nervosa

Question 40

What is important for patients who undergo DBS?

Answer 40

they be mindful about their unrealistic expectations

Question 41

Who did the study on the Oxford Neuroethics on DBS and Anorexia patients?

Answer 41

Park et al. (2017)

Question 42

Who did the study that brain scans might read our minds?

Answer 42

Rainey et al (2019)

Question 43

What are some privacy issues with brain scans for the future?

Answer 43

motor plans, visual imagery, speech decision, moods and 'guilty knowledge' from memory

Question 44

What is functional ultrasound imagery?

Answer 44

measures changes in blood volume in brain regions?

Question 45

Who said that functional ultrasound imagery is cheap, portable and suitable for infants?

Answer 45

Deffieur et al (2018)

Question 46

Who said PET, fMRI and FUS can show correlation but cannot prove that brain activity causes cognitive activity?

Answer 46

Sack (2006)

Question 47

Who said that TMS is created by a magnetic field under a coil positioned under the skull

Answer 47

Candidi et al (2015)

Question 48

What is selective chemical lesions?

Answer 48

using neurotxoins

Question 49

What does kainic acid do?

Answer 49

destroys neurons

Question 50

where is mathmatical reasoning?

Answer 50

frontal parietal network like IPS

Question 51

Who did the study on maths reasoning and functional connectivity in blind patients?

Answer 51

Kanjilia et al (2015)

Question 52

Who said that when doing ERP studies must publish work and make it understandable?

Answer 52

Picton et al (2000)