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Biopsychology > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

1
Q

How is muscle tension measured?

A

Electromyographic signals (electrical potential)

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2
Q

How are eye movements measured?

A

elecrooculgraphic signals (electrodes to measure membrane potential)

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3
Q

How to measure skin conductance?

A

electrodermal response (measure sweat gland activity)

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4
Q

How to measure cardiovascular activity

A

heart rate recorded by electrocardiogram (EKG)

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5
Q

What does an EEG do?

A

measure the electrical activity of neurons

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6
Q

Pros of EEG

A

Non-invasive, painless, non-restrictive, low cost

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7
Q

What is the EEG mainly used for?

A

Diagnosis of epilepsy as it measures electrical activity into waves

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8
Q

Cons of EEG?

A

low spatial resolution, task orientated, signal data affected by eye movement

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9
Q

What is a CT?

A

Computer enhanced X-Ray of brain structures

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10
Q

Pros of CT

A

used to look for brain abnormalities

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11
Q

Cons of CT

A

Only portray brain structure, radiation exposure

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12
Q

What is a MRI?

A

Magnetic field to visualize the internal structure

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13
Q

What is special about MRI

A

Distinguish bone, ligaments and white/gray matter

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14
Q

What is white matter?

A

Axons connecting parts of grey matter together

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15
Q

What is DTI?

A

Investigate the white matter - so the brain’s structural activity

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16
Q

What is a PET scan?

A

measuring which area of the brain has the most activity by indicating which area has more oxygen and glucose

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17
Q

What do you ingest for PET scans?

A

metabolically active chemicals

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18
Q

Pros of PET scans

A

Shows which area of brain is related to specific type of mental process, can study neurotransmitter circuits

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19
Q

Cons of PET scans

A

Expensive, radiation exposure, poor spatial resolution

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20
Q

What is a fMRI

A

metabolic changes related to neural activity and measures the ratio of oxygenated vs deoxygenated blood

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21
Q

What is fMRI used for

A

Study functional defects in brain like cortical regions in schizophrenia

22
Q

Pros of fMRI

A

high resolution, 3d images, no radiation

23
Q

Cons of fMRI

A

expensive, low temporal resolution, increase in magnetic field

24
Q

what is a fNIRS

A

Near infrared light on scalp

25
Q

What does fNIRS measure?

A

optical imaging and provides measure of neuronal activation

26
Q

Pros of fNIRS

A

less sensitive to motion than fMRI, cheaper, good temporal resolution

27
Q

Cons of fNIRS

A

Only measure activity near to surface of the brain, poor spatial resolution

28
Q

What is TMS

A

interferes with neural activity and leaves a temporary lesion

29
Q

What is an intercranial EEG?

A

Craniotomy then grid of electrodes

30
Q

Who is an intercranial EEG typically used for?

A

drug resistant epileptic patients

31
Q

What is the knockout technique

A

Studying subjects that miss a gene to see what it controls

32
Q

What is neuropsychological testing

A

Performance based testing (for people who have brain damage or severe mental health)

33
Q

What is fNIRS typically used to study

A

patients with major depressive disorder

34
Q

Who said that fNIRS is not suited to activate deep cerebral structures?

A

Rive et al (2013)

35
Q

In MDD patients what does fNIRS show?

A

lower PFC activation

36
Q

Who said that in MDD treatment needs to be longer to prevent relapse?

A

Adorni et al (2016)

37
Q

What does DBS do?

A

acts as a brain pacemaker via neurostimulation

38
Q

Common target areas in DBS?

A

subthalamic nucleus, globus pallidus and thalamus

39
Q

What conditions does DBS treat?

A

Parkinsons, epilepsy, OCD, depression and anorexia nervosa

40
Q

What is important for patients who undergo DBS?

A

they be mindful about their unrealistic expectations

41
Q

Who did the study on the Oxford Neuroethics on DBS and Anorexia patients?

A

Park et al. (2017)

42
Q

Who did the study that brain scans might read our minds?

A

Rainey et al (2019)

43
Q

What are some privacy issues with brain scans for the future?

A

motor plans, visual imagery, speech decision, moods and ‘guilty knowledge’ from memory

44
Q

What is functional ultrasound imagery?

A

measures changes in blood volume in brain regions?

45
Q

Who said that functional ultrasound imagery is cheap, portable and suitable for infants?

A

Deffieur et al (2018)

46
Q

Who said PET, fMRI and FUS can show correlation but cannot prove that brain activity causes cognitive activity?

A

Sack (2006)

47
Q

Who said that TMS is created by a magnetic field under a coil positioned under the skull

A

Candidi et al (2015)

48
Q

What is selective chemical lesions?

A

using neurotxoins

49
Q

What does kainic acid do?

A

destroys neurons

50
Q

where is mathmatical reasoning?

A

frontal parietal network like IPS

51
Q

Who did the study on maths reasoning and functional connectivity in blind patients?

A

Kanjilia et al (2015)

52
Q

Who said that when doing ERP studies must publish work and make it understandable?

A

Picton et al (2000)

Biopsychology (4 decks)

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