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Biology > Sensory System > Flashcards

Sensory System Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory receptor cell

A

-responsible for detecting a specific stimuli from an external or internal environment and converting it into an electrical signal

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2
Q

Sensory organ

A

Ears, Ears, Nose, Tongue, Skin

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3
Q

Sensory transduction

A

sensory receptors convert stimuli into electrical signals via nerves in the brain

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4
Q

chemoreceptors

A

-detect chemical changes
-taste, smell, blood Oxygen levels
-located on taste buds for taste and on olfactory epithelium for smell

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5
Q

mechanoreceptor

A
  • detect mechanical changes
    -pressure, vibration, and stretch
    -located on skin, inner ear, and muscles
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6
Q

photoreceptor

A

-detect light
-located on retina

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7
Q

electroreceptor

A

-receptors allow certain animals to detect electrical fields in their environment.
-Important in aquatic environments, where electrical fields are more easily transmitted through the air
-help animals detect presence, movement, and behavior of other organisms
-used for communications, hunting, and navigation

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8
Q

thermoreceptor

A

-detect changed in temperature

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9
Q

nociceptor

A

-specialized sensory receptors responsible for for detecting and transmitting signals related to pain
- mechanical nociceptors are released during tissue damage or inflammation like touching something too hot or cold
-chemical nociceptors are activated by chemicals released during tissue injury or inflammation

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10
Q

lateral inhibition

A
  • changes edge and boarder detection (increases contrast) by reducing excitation of adjacent neurons
    -Increases the firing rate of stimuli
    -filters out noise
    -not looking but still knowing where you are being touched
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11
Q

G-Protein coupled receptor (DPCR)

A

-indirect signaling via 2nd messenger
-Photoreceptors (rods and cone), olfactory receptors, and sone taste receptors

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12
Q

G-Protein

A

-mediates cellular responses to extracellular signals (hormones, neurotransmitters, and sensory stimuli).

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13
Q

Olfactory epithelium

A

-odorants are diffused into the olfactory epithelium
-contains chemo-sensitive hair and olfactory sensory neurons
-at top of nasal cavity

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14
Q

olfactory sensory neuron

A

-olfactory sensory nuerons sense odorants that bind to specific receptors on chemosensitive hairs that project into nares

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15
Q

chemo-sensitive hair

A

-sensory cells found in various part of the body that detect chemical signals primarily for taste and balance

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16
Q

taste bud

A

-consists of about 50 long spindle shaped receptors
-packaged with supporting cells in an arrangement (like an orange slice)

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17
Q

taste sensory cell

A

gustatory receptor cells

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18
Q

microvilli

A

-tiny, finger-like projections that extend form surface of sensory cells.
-on taste buds important for absorption

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19
Q

5 flavors (which are G-protein coupled)

A

-Salty
-Sour
-Sweet-G-protien coupled
-Bitter-G-protien coupled
-Savory -G-protien coupled

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20
Q

trigeminal nerve

A

-provides more detail
- spicy/hot, carbonation, menthol/cool sensation

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21
Q

stereo cilia

A
  • in the inner ear
  • found on hair cells
  • both cochlear hair cells (involved in hearing) and vestibular hair cells (involved in girl balance and spatial orientation)
22
Q

mechanoreceptor hair cell

A

-detect mechanical stimuli like sound, vibrations, or movement
-role in hearing and balance

23
Q

support cell

A

-glial cells
- non-sensory cells in the body that provide structural, nutritional, and funtional support

  • in the inner hear glial cells support the health and function of hair cells and play an important role in regenerative processes.
24
Q

vestibular system

A

-detects motion, maintains balance, and controls spatial orientation
-Cilia hair cells are moved, and this causes depolarization
Includes:
– Semicircular canals (for rotation and movment)
– otolith Organs (Utricle and Saccule) (For linear acceleration and gravity detection)
– Vestibular Nerve (for transmitting signals to the brain)

25
Q

semicircular canal

A

-3 fluid-filled tubes positioned at right angles to each-other responsible for detecting rotational movements of the head (horizontal, vertical, and lateral)
-endolymph fluid

26
Q

outer ear

A

OUTER EAR
-collects sound waves
–Pinna (localizes sound waves0
–external auditory canal (runs from pinnacle to eardrum)
–eardrum (tympanic membrane)

27
Q

middle (malleus, incus, and stapes) ear

A

MIDDLE EAR
-air filled chamber, serves as a amplifier and transmitter of sound vibrations
–Malleus (Hammer): The first bone in the ossicular chain, connected to the tympanic membrane. It receives vibrations from the eardrum.
–Incus (Anvil): The middle bone, which transmits vibrations from the malleus to the stapes.
–Stapes (Stirrup): The last bone in the chain, which connects to the oval window of the inner ear. The stapes transmits the vibrations to the inner ear and helps convert sound waves into mechanical energy.

28
Q

inner ear

A
  • plays role on hearing and balance
  • Cochlea
  • vestibular system (semicircular canals and vestibule)
    -cochlear nerve (auditory nerve)
29
Q

Vestibulocochlear Nerve (both branches)

A
  • eighth cranial nerve responsible for balance and hearing
    1. cochlear nerve (auditory)
    – transmits sound info from cochlea to the brain
    2. Vestibular nerve
    – responsible for transmitting info related to balance and spatial orientation from vestibular apparatus (semicircular canals and structures in inner ear)
30
Q

cochlea

A
  • spiral shaped, fluid filled structure responsible for hearing
  • sound vibrations from middle ear travel through the fluid in the cochlea
    – causing tiny hair cells inside to move
    – hair cells then convert sound waves into electrical signals. which are sent to the brain via the auditory nerve
31
Q

3 main sections of the cochlea

A
  • scala vestiboli, scala tympani, and scala media
    –Basilar membrane inside cochlea vibrates in response to sound and these vibrations are sensed my hair cells that are tuned to different frequencies
32
Q

eardrum

A

Amplification
– marks boundary between external acoustic meatus and middle ear
– vibrates in response to sound waves
– the vibrations are then transmitted to 3 small bones (malleus, incus, and stapes) further amplifying and passing vibrations to inner ear for processing

33
Q

basilar membrane

A
  • membrane inside cochlea that plays central role in converting sound vibrations into neural signals
  • response to vibrations help stimulate hair cells

high pitch: membrane vibrates near base (stiff narrow end)

Low pitch: membrane vibrates near apex (wider more flexible end)

34
Q

tectorial membrane

A

Upward movement of basilar membrane
- hair cells in the organ of Corti bend against tectorial membrane and trigger the release of neurotransmitter

downward movement of basilar membrane
- stereo cilia bend in opposite direction pulling down tectorial membrane causing hair cells to repolarize

– this is called a shearing motion

35
Q

organ of Corti

A

-sensory organ of the auditory system

36
Q

Stereocilia of hair cells

A
  • tiny hair like projections in organ of corti on basilar membrane
    – graduated pattern: tallest on edge of bundle and the shortest at the base
    – made of actin filaments
37
Q

retinal

A
  • a light sensitive pigment found in photo receptor cells
38
Q

opsin

A

-a protein component of photopigments

39
Q

fovea

A

A small pit in the center of the retina that provides the sharpest vision

40
Q

retina

A

The light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye

41
Q

lens

A

The transparent structure in the eye that focuses light onto the retina

42
Q

ciliary muscle

A

-focusing on close objects the ciliary muscle contracts (lens is more round, increasing light trays)

-focusing in distant objects ciliary muscle relaxes (lens is flat and reduced bend of light rays)

43
Q

iris

A

The colored part of the eye that controls the amount of light entering the eye

44
Q

optic nerve

A

The nerve that carries visual information from the eye to the brain

45
Q

rod vs cone

A

rod: sensitive to low light levels, providing vision in dim light
cones: sensitive to color and bright light, responsible for detailed vision

46
Q

discs (containing conopsin or rhodopsin)

A

Membrane-bound compartments in photoreceptor cells (on rods and cones) that contain photopigments

47
Q

phototransduction cascade

A

-A series of biochemical reactions that convert light energy into electrical signals
- a decrease in glutamate causes changes in activity of multiple down stream neurons and this lead to light perception

48
Q

bipolar cell (both on and off versions)

A
  • A type of neuron that connects photoreceptor cells to ganglion cells
  • OFF follow faithfully rod and cone cells hyper/depolarized ]
  • ON depolarize when rod/cones are hyper polarized
49
Q

ganglion cell

A

A type of neuron that transmits visual information from the retina via the optic nerve to the brain.

50
Q

horizontal cell

A
  • A type of neuron that helps to regulate the activity of photoreceptor cells
  • in between bipolar cells and rods and cone
  • through lateral inhibition horizontal cells sharpen an image
51
Q

amacrine cell

A
  • clarify graded potentials to adjust to motion and brightness
52
Q

graded potential

A
  • ## A change in membrane potential that varies in size depending on the strength of the stimulus

Biology (12 decks)

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