Endocrine

Question 1

Intracrine

Answer 1

Hormones act within the same cell that produced them

Question 2

Endocrine

Answer 2

Hormones are secreted into the bloodstream and act on distant target cells

Question 3

Paracrine

Answer 3

Hormones act on neighboring cells.

Question 4

Autocrine

Answer 4

Hormones act on the same cell type that secreted them

Question 5

Exocrine (pheromones)

Answer 5

Substances released into the environment to communicate with other individuals of the same species

Question 6

hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic hormones

Answer 6

Hydrophilic Hormones:

-Soluble in water.
-Receptors are located on the cell surface.
Rapid response, often activating second messenger systems.
-Examples: Peptide hormones (insulin, glucagon, growth hormone) and amine hormones (epinephrine, norepinephrine).

Hydrophobic Hormones:

-Soluble in lipids.
-Receptors are located inside the cell (cytoplasm or nucleus).
-Slower response, often involving gene transcription and protein synthesis.
-Examples: Steroid hormones (cortisol, testosterone, estrogen).

Question 7

peptide vs. amine vs. steroid hormones

Answer 7

peptide: insulin, glucagon, growth hormone
Amine: epinephrine: norepinephrine
steroid hormones: cortisol, testosterone, estrogen

Question 8

hypothalamus

Answer 8

-releases hormones
-communicates with pituitary gland

–Oxytocin
–Vasopressin

Question 9

anterior pituitary

Answer 9

-produces and releases it OWN hormones

Tropic Hormones and direct
–Follicle stimulating Hormone (FSH)
–Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
–Adrenocorticotropic Hormones (ACTH)
–Growth Hormone (GH)
–Prolactin

Question 10

posterior pituitary

Answer 10

-stores and release hormones
-releases hormones into capillary beds

Question 11

neuron secretory cells

Answer 11

These cells translate neural signals into chemical stimuli, which are then released as hormones that travel through the bloodstream to distant target tissues

Question 12

releasing factor hormone

Answer 12

Hormones that stimulate the release of other hormones

–Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Stimulates the pituitary gland to release thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin
–Growth hormone-releasing hormone
Stimulates the pituitary gland to release growth hormone, which controls metabolism and growth
–Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Stimulates the pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which causes the adrenal glands to release cortisol, the stress hormone
–Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Stimulates the pituitary gland to release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which cause the testicles to produce testosterone in men

Question 13

tropic vs. direct hormones

Answer 13

Tropic:
–Follicle stimulating Hormone (FSH)
–Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
–Adrenocorticotropic Hormones (ACTH)
–Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

Direct:
—-Growth Hormone (GH), Prolactin

Question 14

vasopressin (ADH)

Answer 14

hormone that regulates water balance
–regulates blood pressure

Question 15

insulin

Answer 15

lowers blood glucose levels

Question 16

glucagon

Answer 16

hormone that raises blood glucose levels

Question 17

glucose and glycogen

Answer 17

Glucose is a sugar molecule, while glycogen is a storage form of glucose

Question 18

positive feedback

Answer 18

feedback loop in which a change triggers a response that amplifies the change.

Question 19

negative feed back

Answer 19

feedback loop to return body to homeostasis

Question 20

adrenal cortex (adrenal glands located on top of kidneys)

Answer 20

-outer layer of the adrenal gland, which produces cortisol and aldosterone

-The adrenal cortex helps control blood sugar levels, metabolism, and the body’s reaction to stress. It also regulates blood pressure, suppresses inflammation, and regulates the sleep-wake cycle

Question 21

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 21

-hormones that prepare the body for stress
-epinephrine=adrenaline
- norepinephrine increases blood pressure and flow