Sensory, Short-term & Working Memory Flashcards

1
Q

encoding

A

the function by which information is coded in a form that allows it to be stored in memory

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2
Q

storage

A

the function by which information is retained in memory

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3
Q

retrieval

A

the function by which information is recollected as needed

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4
Q

Multi-Store Model of Memory by Atkinson & Shiffrin

A

proposes that memory consists of three main stores: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Information flows through these stores in a linear fashion, with limited capacity and duration at each stage

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5
Q

short-term memory

A

the memory systems in the brain involved in remembering pieces of information for a short period of time. Last 15 to 30 sec but may be retained longer by rehearsal of the material. The capacity of the short-term store is limited to a small number of “chunks” of information.

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6
Q

long-term memory

A

provide a lasting retention of information (e.g., facts, episodes, skills, conditioned responses) from minutes to a lifetime. Appear to have an almost unlimited capacity.

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7
Q

Magic number 7+-2

A

refers to the limited capacity of STM or WM by Miller. This means that individuals can typically hold between five to nine pieces of information in their STM at any given time. Beyond this capacity, information becomes increasingly difficult to retain and process.

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8
Q

recollection

A

the act of recalling something to mind

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9
Q

working memory

A

Part of STM. Memory that involves storing, focusing attention on, and manipulating information for a relatively short period of time. It’s the collection of mental processes that permit information to be held temporarily in an accessible state, in the service of some mental task.

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10
Q

Secondary memory

A

refer to memory proper, which we not think of as LTM

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11
Q

primary memory

A

now known as STM

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12
Q

sensory memory

A

recollection of perceptual types of how a stimulus looks, feels, sounds, etc. Temorary sensory register that allows input from the sensory modalities to be prolonged.

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13
Q

iconic memory

A

sensory memory store for visual stimuli

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14
Q

echoic memory

A

sensory memory specific to auditory stimuli

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15
Q

haptic/tactile memory

A

a form of sensory memory specific to tactile stimuli, sense of touch

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16
Q

rehearsal

A

a set of processes by which we can act on currently active information. Involves recycling the information (e.g. by repeating it to ourselves)

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17
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

retains information in STM

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18
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

organizes the information so that it can be integrated into LTM

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19
Q

decay

A

a process by which information is lost from STM over time

20
Q

displacement

A

a process by which information coming into STM causes information already held there to be lost

21
Q

digit span

A

number of digits that can be held in memory and is used as a measure of STM
on average most people can keep 7 +- 2. Can increase with chunking

22
Q

chunking

A

a strategy to improve memory by grouping smaller units together into a larger unite

23
Q

recency effect

A

tendency, given a list of items to remember, to recall those from the end of the list more readily than items from the middle

24
Q

serial position curve

A

used to plot recall of a word list such that performance is examined as a function of words position in a list. Best performance at the end of the list when recalling a long list of words in order, and at the beginning

25
primary effect
enhanced recall of items at the start of a list compared to those in the middle
26
negative recency effect
the tendency for recall of items from the end of a list to be poorer than for those from the start of middle of the list in a final, cumulative task
27
amnesia
a patter of memory lost affecting elements of LTM, while STM remains intact
28
double dissociation
when two related mental processes are shown to function independently of each other. Like STM and LTM
29
Baddeley's working memory model
posited that as opposed to the simplistic functions of STM in providing short-term storage of information, working memory is a multicomponent system that manipulates information storage for greater and more complex cognitive utility. Includes: Central executive, visuo-spatial sketchpad, phonological loop and episodic buffer
30
central executive
the component of working memory proposed to control and coordinate the activity of the other components. Focuses and switches attention
31
visuo-spatial sketchpad
the component of working memory proposed for the temporary storage and manipulation of visual and spatial information. Limited capacity: three to four objects Two components: visual cache and inner scribe
32
visual cache
the component of the VSSP that stores visual information
33
inner scribe
the component of the VSSP that allows spatial processing
34
phonological loop
the component of working memory proposed for the temporary storage and manipulation of sound or phonological information. Two subcomponents: phonological store and articulatory control process
35
phonological store
holds speech-based information for a period of about two or three seconds
36
articulatory control process
allows maintenance of information in the store and converts visual information to speech-based information. Processes linked to inner speech
37
Four main evidence for the phonological loop
1. the word length effect 2. the effects of articulatory suppression 3. the irrelevant speech effect 4. the phonological similarity effect
38
the word length effect
the recall advantage for shorter words compared to longer words when immediate serial recall is tested
39
the effects of articulatory suppression
the ability to rehearse sub vocally can be disrupted if we require a participant to rehearse a string that is not relevant to the currant task
40
the irrelevant speech effect
recall of visually presented verbal material is poorer when irrelevant speech is presented during learning
41
the phonological similarity effect
recall is poorer for an ordered list of verbal items when the items sound alike, relative to performance on a list of items that do not sound alike
42
dysexecutive syndrome
a range of deficits reflecting problems with executive function and control, and often associated with injury to the frontal areas of the brain
43
the episodic buffer
a component that was added to the Working Memory Model later on. It is responsible for integrating information from the phonological loop, VSSP, and LTM to create a complete representation of an event or experience.
44
activities that provide resistance to cognitive aging
bilingualism, playing musical instrument, aerobic exercises
45
Cowan's Embedded Processes Working Memory Model
proposes that working memory consists of two separate subsystems: the activated portion of LTM and a central executive. The activated portion of LTM holds a limited amount of information that is currently in use, while the central executive controls attention, decision-making, and retrieval from LTM. This model emphasizes the dynamic interaction between STM and LTM systems in cognitive tasks.