Long-term Memory

Question 1

enterograde amnesia

Answer 1

impairement of memory for events that occurred after the onset of amnesia

Question 2

retrograde amnesia

Answer 2

impairment of memory for events that occurred before the onset of amnesiaC

Question 3

Causes of amnesia

Answer 3

surgery, infections like herpes, head injury or stroke, conditions, Korsakoff syndrome

Question 4

the structure of the LTM system

Answer 4

First divided into explicit (declarative) memory and implicit (non-declarative) memory
Declarative: episodic memory and semantic memory
Non-declarative: procedural memory, priming and conditioner associations & reflexes

Question 5

episodic memory

Answer 5

the ability to learn, store, and retrieve information about unique personal experiences that occur in daily life.

Question 6

semantic memory

Answer 6

factual knowledge about the world (e.g. the capital of Norway)

Question 7

Procedural skills/habits

Answer 7

automatic motor behaviour, which can be rapidly executed with little attention. Including cognitive skills like reading and once acquired it can be rapidly executed with little attention. E.g. driving & tying shoelaces

Question 8

Conditioned associations

Answer 8

response triggered by a (learned) stimulus; e.g. via classical or operant conditioning

Question 9

Priming

Answer 9

identification or production of an item is improved by an earlier encounter, i.e exposure to a stimulus affects the subsequent response.

Question 10

perceptual priming

Answer 10

takes place when stimuli have similar forms. For example, the word “goat” will provoke a fast response when it is near the word “boat” because the two words are perceptually similar.

Question 11

conceptual priming

Answer 11

Conceptual priming involves a stimulus and response that are conceptually related. Words such as “seat” and “chair” are likely to show priming effects because they are in the same conceptual category.

Question 12

prospective memory

Answer 12

a form of memory that involves remembering to perform a planned action or recall a planned intention at some future point in time.
Intensions can be pulses (time-locked, e.g. at Tuesday 5pm) or steps (wider time frame, e.g. sometime this week)

Question 13

autonoetic memories

Answer 13

within episodic memory. They are memories that are associated with a sense of self-awareness and that are relived during recollection

Question 14

noetic memories

Answer 14

within episodic memory. Memory for facts, consists of facts about ourselves like the date we were born

Question 15

involuntary memories

Answer 15

the unintentional recollection of past personal experiences.

Question 16

False memories

Answer 16

the inaccurate recollections of events that did not occur or distortions of events that did occur

Question 17

imagination inflation

Answer 17

the strengthening of a false memory through repeated retrieval

Question 18

Misinformation effect

Answer 18

This phenomenon occurs when people’s memories for an event are influenced by misleading information presented to them after the event has occurred.

Question 19

Loftus & Palmer study

Answer 19

investigated the influence of language on eyewitness memory and the reliability of testimony. Participants were shown a video of a car accident and then asked questions about the event, including a critical question about the speed of the vehicles. Different groups of participants were asked questions using different verbs, such as “smashed,” “collided,” “bumped,” or “hit”. The results showed that the verb used in the question influenced participants’ estimates of the speed of the cars, with those who heard more intense verbs like “smashed” estimating higher speeds compared to those who heard less intense verbs. This study demonstrated the phenomenon of “misinformation effect,”

Question 20

Mirror drawing task

Answer 20

involves tracing shapes while looking at their reflection in a mirror, requiring individuals to adapt to reversed movements. It’s used in amnesia research to study procedural memory, which remains intact in some cases of amnesia despite impaired episodic memory.