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Physiology 1021 > Sensory Physiology > Flashcards

Sensory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the nervous system?

A
  1. CNS- brain and spinal cord
  2. Peripheral nervous system
    • somatic system: voluntary, moving muscles
    • ANS: SNS, PSNS
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2
Q

What are the 4 different views of the brain?

A
  1. dorsal: looking down on top of it
  2. ventral: looking below up at it
  3. lateral: looking at the side of it
  4. medial: cutting it and half and looking inside
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3
Q

What are the 3 different planes of the brain?

A
  1. midsagittal: midline
  2. horizontal
  3. coronal
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4
Q

Describe the cerebrum (cerebral cortex)?

A
  • two hemispheres divided by the sagittal fissure (midline)

- concerned with contralateral movement and sensation

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5
Q

Describe the cerebellum?

A

ipsilateral motor control

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6
Q

Describe the brain stem?

A
  • most primitive part of the brain

- life functions: respiration, body temp

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7
Q

Describe the spinal cord?

A
  • -conduit for info to and from the brain

- sensory and motor losses following damage to the spinal cord

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8
Q

What is included in the forebrain?

A
  • cerebral cortex
  • corpus callosum
  • thalamus
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9
Q

What is included in the midbrain?

A
  • tectum

- tegmentum

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10
Q

What is included in the hindbrain?

A
  • cerebellum
  • pons
  • medulla
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11
Q

What is grey matter?

A

neurons

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12
Q

What is white matter/

A

axons

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13
Q

How many segments does the spinal cord have?

A

31 pairs

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14
Q

What are dorsal roots in the spinal cord?

A

sensory info

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15
Q

What are ventral roots in the spinal cord?

A

motor info

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16
Q

What are the 5 regions in the spinal cord and how many spinal segments does each have?

A
  1. cervical (head)-> 8
  2. thoracic (chest/abdomen)-> 12
  3. lumbar (legs)-> 5
  4. sacral (butt)-> 5
  5. coccygeal (very bottom)-> 1
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17
Q

What is the sensory region on the skin surface called?

A

dermatome

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18
Q

PNS: What makes up the somatic system (voluntary system)?

A
  • spinal nerves

- dorsal root ganglia

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19
Q

PNS: What makes up the visceral system (ANS)?

A
  • involuntary system

- pupil constriction, BP, sweating, crying, salvation

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20
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12 pairs

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21
Q

What are the 3 types of meninges that cover the brain?

A
  1. Dura matter- “thick like leather”
  2. Arachnoid- “spider”
    * CSF in the subarachnoid space*
  3. pia matter “gentle mother”
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22
Q

What is CSF produced by?

A

choroid plexus

most of choroid plexus is found in the ventricular system

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23
Q

What are the spaces between parts of the brain filled with CSF called?

A

ventricles

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24
Q

What does the ventricular system do?

A

move CSF wishing the brain and transport in and out to the subarachnoid space

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25
Q

How much CSF does your ventricular system contain?

A

150mL

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26
Q

How much CSF do you produce a day?

A

500mL

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27
Q

What are the 4 different lobes of the brain and what are they responsible for?

A
  1. frontal: decision making, personality
  2. parietal: sensation
  3. occipital: vision
  4. temporal: hearing
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28
Q

What happens during hydrocephalus?

A

CSF is unable to be drained

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29
Q

What are the 4 main sensory receptors?

A
  1. chemoreceptors
  2. mechanoreceptors
  3. thermoreceptors
  4. photoreceptors
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30
Q

What is threshold?

A

the minimum amount of stimulus required to activate a sensory receptor

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31
Q

What are mechanoreceptors sensitive to?

A

stretch, bending, distortion of skin, pressure, texture, vibration

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32
Q

What is proprioception?

A

sense of limb position in space

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33
Q

What is kinesthesis?

A

sense of limb movement

34
Q

How are somatosensory sense unique?

A

receptors are not concentrated in one location, like the retina or cochlea

35
Q

What are the two skin types?

A

hairy and glabrous

36
Q

What are the 2 layers of the skin?

A

epidermis (outer)

dermis (inner)

37
Q

What are the 4 types of mechanoreceptors?

A
  1. merkels disks- surface
  2. messier’s corpuscles
  3. ruffinis endings
  4. pacinian corpuscles- deepest
38
Q

What are the characteristics of Merkel’s disk mechanoreceptors?

A
  • disk shaped
  • small size
  • slow adaptation rate
  • high sensitivity
39
Q

What are the characteristics of Meissner’s corpuscles mechanoreceptors?

A
  • stack of flattened cells
  • small size
  • rapid adaptation rate
  • highly sensitive
40
Q

What are the characteristics of Ruffini’s endings mechanoreceptors?

A
  • branched fibres in a capsule
  • deep
  • large size
  • slow adaptation rate
  • low sensitivity
41
Q

What are the characteristics of Pacinian corpuscles mechanoreceptors?

A
  • layered capsule that surrounds a nerve
  • large size
  • rapid adaptation rate
  • low sensitivity
42
Q

What is tactile acuity?

A

measured on the bodys surface by measuring two point discrimination

43
Q

What is the somatosensory pathway to the brain?

A

stimulus-> sensory receptors-> dorsal root-> spinal cord-> somatosensory cortex
all sensory info from one side of the brain to the other

44
Q

Where is the somatosensory cortex located?

A

postcentral gyrus

45
Q

Somatic sensation of pain is received by what?

A

nociceptors

46
Q

What is hyperalgesia?

A

an increased sensitivity to painful stimuli, a decreased pain threshold

47
Q

What is analgesia?

A

inability to sense pain

48
Q

What is the visible light range?

A

400-700nm

49
Q

What are the 4 retinal targets?

A
  1. LGN: 90% of axons go there
  2. SC: targeting movement of head and eyes
  3. pretectum: controls pupil constriction
  4. hypothalamus (SCN): day and night cycle
50
Q

What is considered legal blindness?

A

20/200 or worse

51
Q

Diagram of the eye?

A

page 72/73

52
Q

Where is your blind spot?

A

on the optic disk

53
Q

What are the 5 basic cell types in the retina?

A
  1. photoreceptors
  2. bipolar cells
  3. ganglion cells
  4. horizontal cells
  5. amacrine cells
54
Q

What are 3 important facts about the retina?

A
  1. retina is a sheet of several layers of cells that lie against the back of the wall
  2. retina is set up backwards
  3. a pigment epithelium lines the back of the retina
55
Q

What are the 2 types of photoreceptor cells?

A
  1. Rods
    - light sensitive
    - dim lighting
    - concentrated in the periphery
    - 120 million on sides of each retina
  2. Cones
    - colour sensitive
    - daylight
    - concentrated in the fovea
    - 5 million in each retina
56
Q

Colourblindness facts?

A
  • dirchromats lack red or green pigment

- 8% of men have a form of colourblindness

57
Q

What crosses at the optic chiasm?

A

nasal retina axons cross to the contralateral side

temporal retina axons stay ipsilateral

58
Q

What happens if you have a lesion in the optic nerve?

A

lose monocular vision in the eye that was cut

59
Q

What happens if you have a lesion in the optic track?

A

lose opposite hemifield vision

same damage as LGN and optic radiation

60
Q

What happens if you have a lesion in the optic chiasm?

A

lose 2 crescents, left with tunnel vision

61
Q

What experiment did Hubel and Wiesel do regarding V1 neurons?

A

they found that V1 neurons respond best to bar like stimuli with specific orientations

62
Q

What happens in the dorsal stream?

A
  • visual control of movement

- motion

63
Q

What happens in the ventral stream?

A

-object and pattern identification

64
Q

What do we use audition for?

A
  • communication
  • help
  • danger
65
Q

What are the 2 main variables in sound?

A
  1. frequency in Hz (# of cycles/second)

2. Intensity (loudness, volume)

66
Q

What is the human frequency range for audition?

A

20-20000 Hz

67
Q

What are the most sensitive frequencies for humans?

A

2000-4000 Hz

human speech operates

68
Q

What are the 3 major division of the auditory system?

A
  1. outer ear (everything you can see)
    - auricle
    - auditory canal
  2. middle ear
    - ear drum
    - ossicles (3 small bones)
  3. inner ear (fluid filled)
    - oval window
    - cochlea
69
Q

What is the auditory canal?

A
  • 3cm long
  • protects the ear drum
  • enhances the intensities of sound by means resonance
70
Q

What are the 3 ossicles?

A

malleus (hammer)
incus (anvil)
stapes (stirrup)

71
Q

What is the purpose of the auditory tube?

A

an airway between the middle ear and the pharynx that is important for changing air pressure

72
Q

Why are the ossicles necessary?

A
  • sound vibrations are ineffective for moving a fluid
  • ossicles amplify the force exerted against the oval window
  • convert air pressure into mechanical pressure
73
Q

What is contained within the inner ear?

A

-cochlea which is a spiral shaped tube (2.75 turns, 3.5cm), within cochlea there is the oval and round window

74
Q

What is the structure of the cochlea?

A 
scala vestibuli - filled with perilymph
reissner's membrane
scala media - filled with endolymph
bailar membrane
scala tympani - filled with perilymph
75
Q

Why is the basilar membrane important?

A

contains the Organ of Corti- where the hair cells are

76
Q

How does sound move through the cochlea?

A

oval window-> scala vestibule-> helicotrema-> scala tympani-> round window

77
Q

What are the characteristics of the Organ of Corti?

A
  • lies on the basilar membrane
  • contains hair cells
  • tips of hair cells contact the tectorial membrane
  • hair cells depolarize when the stereocillia bend
78
Q

What do inner hair cells do?

A

responsible for auditory transduction and perception of pitch

79
Q

What do outer hair cells do?

A

amplify the response of inner hair cells

80
Q

What is the process of the auditory pathway?

A

diagram page 93

81
Q

What happens in the primary auditory cortex?

A

low frequencies are represented anteriorly and high frequencies are represented posteriorly

82
Q

What happens in deafness?

A
  • -loss of ability localize sound in the opposite hemifield
  • mostly due to death or destruction of hair cells
  • hair cells do not regenerate

Physiology 1021 (9 decks)

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