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Physiology 1021 > Hypothalamus and Limbic System > Flashcards

Hypothalamus and Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

bunch of neutrons clustered together in the limbic system

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2
Q

What does the hypothalamus influence?

A
  • ANS
  • pituitary gland
  • endocrine system
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3
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

base of the brain located beneath the thalamus and just above the pituitary gland

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4
Q

Diagram of the brain?

A

page 361

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5
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

A
  1. controls ANS
  2. neuroendocrine control
  3. reproduction
  4. water balance and exchange
  5. sodium balance and exchange
  6. drive and emotions
  7. circadian rhythms
  8. body temp regulation
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6
Q

How many neurons in the hypothalamus?

A

1500

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7
Q

What does the supraoptic nucleus do?

A

regulates water balance (ADH)

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8
Q

What does the suprachiasmatic nucleus do?

A

biological clock

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9
Q

What does the arcuate nucleus do?

A

satiety/ feeding

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10
Q

What does the paraventricular nucleus do?

A

water balance, feeding, stress

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11
Q

What does the lateral hypothalamus do?

A

feeding

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12
Q

What does the pre optic/ anterior hypothalamic region do?

A

BP-> PSNS, body temp

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13
Q

What does the posterior hypothalamus do?

A

BP-> SNS, body temp

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14
Q

What does the basomedial hypothalamus do?

A

anterior and posterior pituitary releasing factors

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15
Q

What is the limbic system most crucial for?

A

emotional drive and motivated behaviour

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16
Q

What is the effect of stimulation on the posterior hypothalamus? (SNS)

A 
BP increases
HR increases
Gastrointestinal motility decreases
Pupil size increases
Sweat glands increases
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17
Q

What is the effect of stimulation on the anterior hypothalamus? (PSNS)

A 
BP decreases
HR decreases
Gastrointestinal motility increases
Pupil size decreases
Sweat glands have no PSNS control
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18
Q

What is the posterior pituitary job/function?

A

-controls the release of hormones (oxytocin and ADH)

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19
Q

What is the posterior pituitary made up of?

A

axon terminals from the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVH) that send axons to the posterior pituitary

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20
Q

What does the basomedial hypothalamus do?

A

secretes releasing hormones that reach the anterior pituitary gland via the hypophyseal portal system

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21
Q

How is Oxytocin released?

A

through + feedback

-neural endocrine humoral reflex

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22
Q

Facts about Oxytocin?

A
  • oxytocin circuit is not always operational
  • only lactating mom is functional
  • women have a very plastic brain in order to do this
  • males also produce oxytocin in order to perform social bonding
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23
Q

What structure in the brain contributes to the initiation of drinking water?

A

lateral hypothalamus

24
Q

What are the 3 stimuli to release ADH?

A
  1. decrease arteriole pressure
  2. decrease ECF volume
  3. increase in plasma osmolarity
25
Q

How is water loss regulated?

A
  • through negative feedback
  • through the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
  • through the lateral hypothalamus (thirst centre)
26
Q

How is water intake controlled?

A

by the lateral hypothalamus (thirst centre)

27
Q

What is considered an obese BMI?

A

30+

28
Q

How relevant is obesity in North America?

A
  • 25-29% of population in Ontario

- 300% increase in children between 1960-2008

29
Q

What is BMI?

A
  • doesn’t distinguish between muscle and fat weight

- kg/m2

30
Q

How do you maintain body E balance?

A

E balance= E intake + E expenditure

31
Q

How does the negative feedback system control food intake?

A
  • leptin released by white adipose tissue
  • activates the SNS which increases BP
  • helps to inhibit hunger
32
Q

What causes obesity?

A

leptin resistance

33
Q

What are the neural and hormonal components of the food intake system?

A
  • adipose releases leptin
  • arcuate nucleus -> satiety centre-> responds to leptin
  • POMC -> produce a-MSH-> MC4R-> inhibits food intake
  • E expenditure increases
34
Q

What is the effect of an acute increase in leptin? decreased leptin? chronic resistance to leptin?

A

diagram page 375

35
Q

What does orexin do?

A

NT that stimulates food intake in the lateral hypothalamus

36
Q

What does NPY do?

A

NT from neutrons in the Arcuate nucleus that stimulates food intake

37
Q

What does POMC do?

A

neurons that produce a-MSH which inhibits food intake and activates E expenditure- produced in the Arcuate nucleus

38
Q

What does the paraventricular nucleus do?

A

activates neuronal system for E expenditure

39
Q

What does the arcuate nucleus do?

A

satiety center in the brain that responds to circulating levels of leptin

40
Q

What is metabolic syndrome?

A

describes a group of conditions that puts people at higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes and other heart related problems

41
Q

What are some of the effects of metabolic syndrome?

A
  • high blood glucose levels
  • high BP
  • high levels of triglycerides
  • low levels of HDL
  • too much fat around your waist
42
Q

What influences metabolic syndrome?

A
  • genetics
  • environmental conditions
  • consequences come from an increase in insulin and leptin resistance
  • you can get diabetes, hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, hypertension
43
Q

What is sleep apnea?

A
  • holding your breath while you sleep

- can contribute to multiple metabolic syndrome diseases

44
Q

What is anorexia nervosa?

A

psychological disorder when an individual fears of gaining weight when they aren’t, starve themselves

45
Q

What is bulimia nervosa?

A

-psychological disorder when an individual binge eats and then purges, wants no calorie intake

46
Q

What are circadian rhythms

A
  • natural pattern of physiological and behavioural processes that are a timed 24-hour period
  • “biological clock”
47
Q

What happens when you turn a light on?

A

you inhibit melatonin, no sleep

48
Q

What happens when its dark?

A

you release melatonin, sleep

49
Q

What types of circadian rhythms are controlled by the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A
  • sleep
  • food and water intake
  • urine production
  • BP (higher in the morning, hypertensive)
  • platelet aggregation
  • WBC production
  • body temp changes
  • hormone release: cortisol, LH and melatonin
  • menstrual cycle
50
Q

What is the basic principle in thermoregulation?

A

heat input +heat production = heat loss

51
Q

What is the normal temp of the human bod?

A

37*C

52
Q

What are the 5 ways in which heat can be produced?

A
  1. shivering
  2. metabolic activity
  3. muscle activity
  4. vasoconstriction
  5. non- shivering thermogenesis (by thyroid hormones and noradrenaline to increase basal metabolic activity
53
Q

What are the main heat loss mechanisms?

A

Convection: moving are removes radiated heat
Radiation: emission of electromagnetic radiation
Evaporation: releasing water (sweat)
Conduction: touching something cold

54
Q

What are thermoreceptors?

A

sensory receptors that respond to specific changes in temp

55
Q

What are the two types of thermoreceptors?

A
  1. central (brain)
    - posterior/ anterior pituitary
  2. peripheral
    - skin, organs, tongue, cornea send sensory to the hypothalamus
56
Q

What happens if you have a lesion to the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus

A

overeat

won’t feel full

57
Q

What happens if you stimulate the lateral hypothalamus

A

overeating

Physiology 1021 (9 decks)

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