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Physiology 1021 > Gastrointestinal Physiology > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 processes of the digestive system?

A
  1. secretion
  2. digestion
  3. motility
  4. absorption
    diagram page 297
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2
Q

Anatomy of the digestive tract?

A

diagram page 298

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3
Q

What happens in the mouth?

A
  • mechanical and chemical digestion
  • contains salivary amylase that helps with carb digestion
  • babies contain lingual lipase (only active in the stomach) that help break down fat
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4
Q

Anatomy of the upper gastrointestinal tract?

A

diagram page 299

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5
Q

What are the 3 glands in the mouth?

A
  1. parotid gland- secretes watery liquid containing amylase
  2. submandibular gland- secretes a thicker liquid containing mucus and amylase
  3. sublingual gland- secretes more mucus and less amylase
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6
Q

What are the 3 stages of swallowing?

A
  1. voluntary stage- have control
  2. pharyngeal stage- movement of bolus down esophagus
  3. esophageal- movement of bolus through esophagus
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7
Q

How does food move during swallowing?

A

through mastication in the mouth and peristalsis (controlled by medulla oblongata) in the esophagus

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8
Q

What happens in the stomach?

A
  • bolus is liquified to enhance enzymatic digestion

- 2-3L of gastric juices are secreted into the stomach each day

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9
Q

Anatomy of the stomach?

A

diagram page 301

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10
Q

What are the layers of the stomach?

A

diagram page 302

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11
Q

What are the exocrine cells in the stomach?

A
  • mucus neck cells (secretes mucus)
  • chief cells (secretes pepsinogen and gastric lipase)
  • parietal cells aka oxyntic cells (intrinsic factor, H+ and Cl-)
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12
Q

What is the endocrine cell in the stomach?

A

G cell

-secrete hormone gastrin that is involved with gastric motility and function

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13
Q

What are the mechanical digestion types in the stomach?

A
  • propulsion: gentle mixing waves
  • grinding: vigorous mixing from body to pylorus
  • retropulsion: small amounts of chyme enters into the duodenum (30mins)
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14
Q

What are the chemical digestion types in the stomach?

A
  • gastric lipase: breaks down fats
  • lingual lipase: activated by HCl, lipid digestion in babies
  • salivary amylase: inhibited by HCl
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15
Q

What are the different functions of acid in the stomach?

A
  • activates lingual lipase
  • activates pepsin
  • inactivates salivary amylase
  • kills microbes
  • denatures proteins
  • stimulates secretion of hormones
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16
Q

What does the the ending “ogen” mean?

A

means needed to be activated by something in order to work

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17
Q

What does the duodenum do?

A
  • receives enzymes from the stomach first
  • location of enzymes mixing with chyme
  • most digestion occurs here
  • secretions from the liver/ pancreas
  • can increase/ decrease digestion
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18
Q

What does the jejunum do?

A
  • many villi to increase SA of the tube for optimal absorption
  • most absorption occurs here
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19
Q

What does the Ileum do?

A
  • longest segment
  • less villi
  • can absorb nutrients if necessary
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20
Q

Fun facts of the small intestine

A
  • every carb you ingest will be absorbed
  • 98% of proteins are absorbed
  • 95% of fats are absorbed
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21
Q

What are the layers of the small intestine?

A
  1. Mucosa: contains exocrine and endocrine cells, have villi and crypts (increase SA)
  2. Submucosa: identical to stomach
  3. Muscularis: identical to stomach
  4. Serosa: identical to stomach
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22
Q

What is segmentation?

A
  • occurs only in the intestine

- specialized mixing contractions that mix chyme with digestive juices

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23
Q

What is peristalsis?

A
  • movement of the bolus down the esophagus in one direction

- also occurs in the small intestine

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24
Q

What are the exocrine cell types in the intestinal walls?

A
  • absorptive cells: epithelial cells with microvilli
  • goblet cells: secretes mucus to protect cells from acid in stomach
  • intestinal gland cells: secretes intestinal juice that are slightly alkaline
  • paneth cells: secretes lysozyme that kills microbes and breaks down bacteria
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25
What are the endocrine cell types in the intestinal walls?
- S cells: secretes secretin - CCK cells: secretes cholecystokinin to gallbladder to release bile and pancreas to release digestive enzymes - K cells: secretes glucose dependent insulinotrophic peptide (GIP) that tells pancreas to release insulin
26
What are microvilli?
- also called brush border - increase the SA of the plasma membrane to increase nutrient reabsorption - have brush border enzymes
27
What are brush border enzymes?
- lactase: breaks down lactose - sucrase: breaks down sucrose - maltase: breaks down maltose - aminopeptidase - dipeptidase
28
What is the summary of the small intestine?
page 307
29
What is the summary of the stomach?
page 303
30
What happens in the large intestine?
- main function is to finish absorption - nutrients absorbed here are not the same as in the small intestine - terminal section is responsible for the production of vitamins and the formation of feces
31
What is the anatomy of the large intestine?
diagram page 308
32
What is the motility of the large intestine?
- gastroileal reflex: presence of food in the stomach stimulates the opening of the ileocecal valve - haustral churning: mixing of contents from one haustra to the other, improves the reabsorption of water - peristalsis and mass peristalsis: unidirectional
33
What does the pancreas do?
-endocrine and exocrine functions
34
What are the cellular structures of the pancreas?
diagram page 309
35
What are the functions of the exocrine secretions of the pancreas? (ductal)
bicarbonate: neutralizes acid from stomach
36
What are the functions of the exocrine secretions of the pancreas? (Acinar/CCK)
- pancreatic amylase: digestion of carbs - pancreatic lipase: digestion of fat - trypsinogen-> trypsin: digest protein - chymotrypsiogen-> chymotrypsin: digest proteins - procarboxypeptidase-> carboxypeptidase: digest proteins - prophosphlipase-> phospholipase: digest phospholipids - procolipase-> colipase: aids in lipid digestion but is not an enzyme diagram page 310
37
What are the functions of the endocrine secretions of the pancreas? (Islets of Langerhans)
- Insulin: from beta cells, moves glucose into cells of body - glucagon: from alpha cells, releases glucose from cell back into blood - somatostatin: from delta cells, helps with digestion and metabolism
38
What does the liver do?
- main cell type is hepatocytes - secrete bile (enzyme helper) - absorption of lipids - sinusoids are blood capillaries that receive blood oxygen from the hepatic artery and the portal vein - sinusoids join together to deliver blood in a central vein and then to the hepatic veins - unique blood supply
39
What is the flow of blood in the liver? | What is the structure of the liver?
diagram page 312
40
What are the functions of the liver?
- synthesis of bile salts: help with lipid digestion - excretion of bilirubin: waste product of hemoglobin - metabolism of carbs, lipids and proteins - processing of drugs and hormones
41
What is bile?
- produced by hepatocytes - stored in gallbladder - released in to the small intestine - aids in digestion of lipids but it is because it helps expose more lipids to the enzymes that digest them - bile salts make lipids more soluble a process called emulsification
42
What are the components of bile?
- bile salts - cholesterol - bile pigments (bilirubin) - water and ions
43
What does the gallbladder do?
- stores bile - becomes more concentrated in the gallbladder (better at digesting fats) - CCK contracts the gallbladder
44
What is the structure of the gallbladder?
diagram page 314
45
Describe the Cephalic Phase Regulation?
- controlled by the brain, before you eat 1. stimulus- sight, smell, see food 2. Neural control- through medulla oblongata, activation of the submucosal plexus neurons (secretions) and myenteric plexus neutrons (motility) 3. increased secretions in: salivary glands, stomach, small intestine 4. increased motility in: stomach, small intestine
46
Describe the Gastric Phase Regulation?
controlled by stomach - stimulus: presence of bolus causing stomach to stretch - Neural control: sensory info to the submucosal plexus and to the myenteric plexus - Hormonal control: gastrin - both cause increase is secretions from: stomach and intestines - increased motility in: stomach, gastric emptying
47
Describe the Intestinal Phase Regulation?
controlled by small intestine - stimulus: presence of chyme in small intestine - Neural control: sensory info to submucosal plexus and myenteric plexus - hormonal control: secretin (S cells), CCK, GIP (K cells) - increase secretions from: intestine and pancreas - pancreas releases bicarbonate from ductal cells, enzymes from acinar cells and insulin from beta cells - increased motility of intestine and gall bladder - also inhibits gastric phase: decreased HCl secretions and motility of stomach, gastric emptying
48
What are simple carbohydrates?
- monosaccharides: glucose, galactose, fructose | - disaccharides: lactose, sucrose, maltose-> body can't absorb these
49
What are complex carbohydrates?
- starch (plant storage of glucose) | - glycogen (animal storage of glucose)
50
What is the process of carbohydrate digestion?
mouth: salivary amylase converting starch into maltose stomach: salivary amylase is deactivated small intestine/ pancreas: pancreatic amylase diagram page 318
51
What is the process of carbohydrate absorption?
diagram page 319
52
What are the sources of proteins?
- animal and plant sources - AA, 20 different kinds - > essential in diet - > nonessential body - dipeptides: 2 AA together - tripeptides: 3 AA together - polypeptides: 4 of more AA
53
What are the processes of protein digestion?
stomach: pepsin turning polypeptides into smaller peptides small intestine: amino peptidase, dipeptidase pancreas: trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase diagram page 320
54
What is the process of protein absorption?
diagram page 321
55
What are the sources of fat?
- triglycerol= glycerol + 3 fatty acids - fatty acids vary in length (4-24 carbons, most common is 18) - can be saturated (single bonds) or unsaturated (double bonds, the more you have the more liquidy)
56
What is the process of fat digestion?
stomach: lingual and gastric lipase small intestine: most digestion pancreas: pancreatic lipase and collipase liver: bile
57
How do bile salts help in fat absorption?
-fat forms big droplets because it doesn't like water -bile coats the droplets to keep them small -intestine shakes the fat droplets and makes them smaller -colipase moves bile salts apart so that pancreatic lipase can chemically digest the fat -body can only absorb monoglycerides and free fatty acids -fat doesn't dissolve in chyme very well diagram page 323
58
What is the process of fat absorption?
diagram page 324
59
What are the 4 sets of reactions that make up cellular respiration?
1. glycolysis: glucose converted into pyruvate (10 steps), ATP 2. pyruvate metabolism: pyruvate into Acetyl-CoA 3. Citric Acid Cycle: acetyl CoA metabolized to form ATP and NADH and FADH2 4. ETC: FADH2 and NADH converted into more ATP
60
What are the 4 fates of glucose?
1. ATP production 2. AA synthesis: converted to form AA if needed 3. glycogen synthesis: storage of glucose 4. Triglyceride synthesis: when glucose is in excess (lipogenesis)
61
Describe glucose uptake in the cells?
- cells of the body take glucose from your blood in order to use for ATP production - glucose uniporters - move glucose from high to low concentration
62
What is glycogenesis?
- the storage of glucose -some cells like skeletal muscle and liver have a large capacity to store glucose as glycogen -some cells like the brain cannot store glucose as glycogen diagram page 327
63
What is glycogenolysis?
- breakdown of glycogen - glycogen is converted into glucose-6-phosphate to be used for ATp production -liver is unique because it can continue to form glucose which then can be released into circulation diagram page 327
64
What is gluconeogenesis?
-formation of new glucose -liver can create new glucose form non-carb sources -from AA you eat, lactic acid, glycerol diagram page 328
65
What are the fates of lipids?
1. stored in adipose tissue as fat deposits 2. oxidized to produce ATP-> more ATP than glucose 3. formation of structural molecules (phospholipids, myelin sheath)
66
How are triglycerides stored in the body?
- 98% of our energy source is from triglycerides | - 50% is stored in the subcutaneous layer of our skin
67
What is the process of lipolysis?
breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids | diagram page 329
68
What is lipogenesis?
-formation of triglycerides from non-lipid sources -liver and adipose cells can take triglycerides from glucose and AA diagram page 329
69
What is ketogenesis?
- ketone bodies are formed by the joining of 2 Acetyl CoAs - liver cells can make ketone bodies which diffuse into the blood - heart and kidney prefer ketones to produce ATP - ketones are acidic - disrupts homeostasis
70
What is protein anabolism?
-formation of proteins from AA | occurs on ribosomes
71
What are the 4 different types of protein?
1. enzymes 2. hormones 3. structural components 4. transporters
72
What is protein catabolism?
- breaking down of proteins into AA | - hepatocytes can convert AA into fatty acids, ketone bodies or glucose
73
What is the absorptive state?
when you eat food | diagram page 331
74
What is the post- absorptive state?
When you're hungry | diagram page 332

Physiology 1021 (9 decks)

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