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Animal Physiology I > Sensory Physiology > Flashcards

Sensory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is sensory physiology?

A

How sensory stimuli are transduced by sensory receptors and processed by the nervous system (afferent pathway to CNS)

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2
Q

What is a sensory system?

A

Sense organ + afferent pathway + specific area of brain

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3
Q

What is a sensory receptor?

A

Specialized cell that detects incoming sensory stimuli

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4
Q

What are receptor proteins?

A

Proteins on sensory receptors that detect incoming signals

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5
Q

Epithelial sensory receptor cell

A

Associated to an afferent neuron and relay signals through the release of neurotransmitters

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6
Q

Explain the sequence of signal transduction down a afferent neuron

A

Incoming signals received through dendrites, and action potential is generated at trigger zone (same version as axon hillock) and the AP bypasses the cell body as it travels the length of the axon before reaching the axon terminal and releasing neurotransmitters

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7
Q

What is the basis for sensory receptors classification?

A

The type of stimulus they detect (light, chemicals, etc.)

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8
Q

What are polymodal receptors?

A

Receptors that are sensitive to multiple modalities

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9
Q

What are the 4 steps for sensory reception?

A

1)Reception
2)Transduction
3)Transmission
4)Perception

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10
Q

What is range fractionation?

A

Different sensory receptors that are sensitive to different ranges of stimuli, work together to be able to perceive the intensity

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11
Q

What is the receptive field?

A

Region of sensory surface

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12
Q

What is lateral inhibition?

A

When a stimulus excites a neuron, it will inhibit the neighbouring neurons to release APs to allow for greater specifity to understand the stimulus

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13
Q

Difference between tonic and phasic receptors?

A

Tonic receptors fire APs for the entire duration of the stimulus, where phasic receptors only fire an AP at the initiation of the stimulus

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14
Q

Types of chemoreception

A

Internal & External

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15
Q

Vomeronasal organ

A

Used to capture pheromones

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16
Q

Flehmen response

A

Curving of lip to facilitate the transfer of pheromones to the vomeronasal organ

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17
Q

Gustation

A

Direct contact between chemical @ high concentrations and the animal

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18
Q

Olfaction

A

Airborne chemicals @ lower concentrations interact with animal from a distance

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19
Q

5 categories of taste

A

Umami, sweet, sour, bitter, salty

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20
Q

Which taste’s use G-coupled protein receptors?

A

Umami, sweet and bitter

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21
Q

Which taste’s use ion channel receptors?

A

Salty and sour

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22
Q

What would the body do when having a salt deficiency?

A

Trigger reuptake of aldosterone and that increase the expression of epithelial Na+ channels in the taste buds; inducing a craving

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23
Q

To what taste does the taste map light up and show high neural activity?

A

Bitter tastants

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24
Q

2 systems that are specialized for olfaction?

A

Main olfactory and vomeronasal systems

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25
Q

Explain olfactory reception

A

Sensory neurons are located in the olfactory epithelium and are directly projected to the olfactory bulb of the brain

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26
Q

What is a glomerulus?

A

A collection of synapses

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27
Q

Mechanoreception

A

Mechanical stimuli that is transduced into electrical signals

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28
Q

2 types of mechanoreceptor proteins

A

ENaCs & TRP channels

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29
Q

What are the mechanoreceptors linked to?

A

The cytoskeleton (intracellularly) and an extracellular anchor (extracellularly)

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30
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Detect pressure changes

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31
Q

Tactile receptors

A

Detect touch, pressure and vibrations on the body

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32
Q

Free nerve endings

A

Sensory neurons with dendrites along the epidermal cells

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33
Q

Merkel’s Disks

A

Enlarged epidermal cells that the free nerve endings associate with

34
Q

Ruffini Corpuscle

A

Dendritic ending with an elongated capsule in the connective tissue

35
Q

Root hair plexus

A

Nerve endings wrap around base of hair follicle

36
Q

Pacinian Corpuscle

A

Located deep in the skin; sensitive to vibration and changes in pressure

37
Q

What are the tactile receptors in invertebrates?

A

Trichoid or campaniform sensilla

38
Q

Proprioception

A

Encode info about body position

39
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

Located at the junction between a muscle and a tendon

40
Q

Chordotonal organ

A

Detects bending of the cuticle in invertebrates to help understand the animals body position

41
Q

Where are organs of equilibrium and hearing located separately from eachother?

A

In invertebrates

42
Q

Statoliths

A

Dense particles of calcium carbonate; that shift depending on orientation which stimulate cilia

43
Q

Which animals have complex statocysts?

A

Cephalopods; they have cristae (turning motion) and macula (forward motion)

44
Q

Johnston’s organ

A

Modified chordotonal organ

45
Q

What links stereocilia?

A

Tiplinks; open and close channels

46
Q

Kinocilium

A

Longest stereocilia; absent in mammals

47
Q

Neuromast organ

A

Hair cells located in a cupula (filled with viscous gel); when gel shifts, stereocilia bend

48
Q

Lateral line system

A

Organized neuromasts running the length of body

49
Q

3 parts of the mammalian ear

A

Outer, middle and inner

50
Q

Parts of the outer ear

A

Pinna (visible part of the ear) and auditory canal

51
Q

Parts of the middle ear

A

Ossicles (stapes, malleus & incus) that transfer vibrations from the tympanic membrane

52
Q

Parts of the inner ear

A

Parts for equilibrium (vestibular apparatus) and hearing (cochlea)

53
Q

Parts of the vestibular apparatus

A

3 semicircular canals & utricle/saccule

54
Q

Utricle/Saccule

A

Contain otoliths; utricle detect motion horizontally and saccule detect motion vertically

55
Q

What way do stereocilia bend when depending on direction?

A

The opposite way (moving forward, stereocilia move backward)

56
Q

Endolymph

A

Fluid with high K+ concentration

57
Q

Purpose of tympanic membrane

A

Due to large SA, it concentrates sound vibrations to the oval window

58
Q

2 ducts of the cochlea

A

Vestibular/tympanic (outside;perilymph) and cochlear (inner;endolymph)

59
Q

Organ of Corti

A

Space between basilar (vibrate) and tectorial (stable) membranes that contain hair cells

60
Q

Weberian ossicles

A

Series of bones connecting the swim bladder to the inner ear of a fish

61
Q

Passive electrolocation

A

Detect fields (electroreceptive)

62
Q

Active electrolocation

A

Detect and produce fields (electrogenic)

63
Q

Photopigment

A

Protein + chromophore; determines wavelength color can be seen

64
Q

Types of photoreceptors

A

Rhabdomeric and ciliary

65
Q

Rhabdomeric photoreceptors

A

Found only in invertebrates; contain photopigments in microvilli on apical surface

66
Q

Ciliary photoreceptors

A

Found in both invertebrates and vertebrates; with a single projection from the cell body

67
Q

Rods and cones are what classified by what type of photoreceptors?

A

Ciliary

68
Q

In what segment of photoreceptors are photopigments located?

A

Outer

69
Q

Difference in rods and cones

A

Number of photopigments, dim vs. bright light, response time & retinal position

70
Q

Inner segment of rods/cones

A

Contains synaptic terminal

71
Q

Opsin

A

GPCR associated with a chromophore

72
Q

What enzyme reconverts trans to cis conformation of the chromophore?

A

Isomerase

73
Q

In what species do photoreceptors depolarize in response to light?

A

Invertebrates

74
Q

Ommatidium

A

Individual photoreceptor units of a compound eye

75
Q

What is released at the synapse between photoreceptors and bipolar cells?

A

Glutamate

76
Q

3 types of cones in humans

A

Blue (short), green (medium), red (long)

77
Q

Visual field

A

Space detected by retinas of both eyes

78
Q

Binocular zone

A

Region where left and right visual fields overlap

79
Q

What makes up the optic nerve?

A

Axons of retinal ganglionic cells

80
Q

Visual cortex

A

Integrates visual information

81
Q

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus(LGN)

A

Receives and processes visual information

Animal Physiology I (4 decks)

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