Endocrinology

Question 1

Similarities of endocrine and nervous systems

Answer 1

1)Receptors
2)Chemical messengers
3)Elicit a response

Question 2

Differences between endocrine and nervous systems

Answer 2

1)Transmission speed
2)Duration of response
3)How chemicals are transmitted

Question 3

Endocrinology

Answer 3

Study of chemical messengers and the glands/tissues they are secreted from

Question 4

Signalling that occurs in the endocrine system

Answer 4

1)Chemical messenger release
2)Transport of the messenger
3)Binding of messenger/initiating response

Question 5

2 ways to classify hormones

Answer 5

Chemical structure & where they bind to receptors

Question 6

Where can hormones bind?

Answer 6

Intracellularly or on the plasma membrane

Question 7

Types of hormones

Answer 7

Peptides/proteins, biogenic amines, steroids and eicosanoids

Question 8

Difference between peptide and protein hormones

Answer 8

Number of aa present (peptides are shorter; <50)

Question 9

Examples of peptide hormones

Answer 9

TSH and TRH

Question 10

Where are peptide hormones synthesized?

Answer 10

rER

Question 11

What is an amine?

Answer 11

Chemicals that possess an amine group; usually synthezied from aa

Question 12

Examples of biogenic amines

Answer 12

Catecholamines/thyroid hormones

Question 13

Where can steroid hormones be produced?

Answer 13

Gonads or adrenal cortex

Question 14

3 major classes of steroid hormones

Answer 14

1)Glucocorticoids
2)Mineralocorticoids
3)Reproductive hormones

Question 15

What does hormone response intensity depend on?

Answer 15

Hormone/receptor concentration and receptor affinity

Question 16

What are different ways for a hormonal response to terminate?

Answer 16

Inactivation of the specific receptor, ligand-receptor complex endocytosed or degraded by extracellular enzymes

Question 17

Negative feedback

Answer 17

Maintains constant levels

Question 18

Positive feedback

Answer 18

Purposeful amplification of a certain response; explosive effect

Question 19

Additive effects

Answer 19

Resulting effect is equal to the sum of effects of each hormone

Question 20

Synergistic effects

Answer 20

Resulting effect is greater than the sum of each hormone

Question 21

Hypothalamus (location/function)

Answer 21

Diencephalon (forebrain); controls function of the pituitary and regulation of body (temperature/bp)

Question 22

Pituitary Gland (hypophysis)

Answer 22

Most important endocrine gland; double lobed (anterior and posterior)

Question 23

What is the name of the stalk that connects the hypothalamus and pituitary?

Answer 23

Infundibulum

Question 24

What system is involved in the activation of the anterior pituitary?

Answer 24

Portal system

Question 25

What system is involved in the activation of the posterior pituitary?

Answer 25

Direct secretion of a neurohormone

Question 26

Neurohaemal organs

Answer 26

Structures where neurons secrete directly to the blood
Eg: Median eminence, posterior pituitary

Question 27

Trophic hormones

Answer 27

Hormones that cause the release of other hormones (3rd order)

Question 28

What is stress?

Answer 28

Disturbance to the organism’s equilibrium dynamic (result from intrinsic or extrinsic stressors)

Question 29

2 types of stress response

Answer 29

Acute or chronic

Question 30

Acute stress

Answer 30

Used in a stressful moment to overcome a threat (increases survival and fitness)

Question 31

Chronic stress

Answer 31

Long-term and can be maladaptive, where the animal is in constant panic

Question 32

3 phases of stress response

Answer 32

Primary (elevated stress hormones), secondary (responses initiated by stress hormones), tertiary (changes in whole animal performance)

Question 33

Where are catecholamines released from?

Answer 33

Chromaffin cells in the adrenal gland

Question 34

Where are glucocorticoid hormones released from?

Answer 34

Interrenal cells in the adrenal gland

Question 35

Response from catecholamines

Answer 35

Increased O2 delivery and mobilizes energy reserves

Question 36

Where are catecholamine receptors?

Answer 36

On membrane

Question 37

Where are glucocorticoid receptors?

Answer 37

In the cytoplasm