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Animal Physiology I > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the function of neurons?

A

To release neurotransmitters into the synapse to communicate with a target cell

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2
Q

What are the function neurosecretory cells?

A

A nerve cell releasing neurohormones into circulation; hybrid between nervous and endocrine cells

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3
Q

What is the cell body of a neuron?

A

Soma

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4
Q

What structure receives incoming signals to a neuron?

A

Dendrites

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5
Q

What is the function of the axon hillock?

A

Initiates action potentials from soma to axon

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of membrane potentials?

A

Graded and action potentials

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7
Q

What is a graded potential?

A

Change of membrane potential due to Na+ ligand-gated channels being ; can occur on dendrites or soma

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8
Q

What is an action potential?

A

Excessive depolarization that exceeds threshold, can occur from a previous graded potential

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9
Q

What is a myelin sheath?

A

Fatty, insulation around an axon

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10
Q

What are the myelin sheaths in the PNS called?

A

Schwann cells

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11
Q

What are the myelin sheaths in the CNS called?

A

Oligodedrocytes

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12
Q

What are the Nodes of Ranvier?

A

Spaces between myelin sheaths that are highly concentrated with voltage-gated Na+ channels

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13
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

The skipping of electrical signals on a myelinated axon from node to node

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14
Q

What types of cell-cell communication is there?

A

Electrical and chemical

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15
Q

Describe electrical communication between cells

A

Pre- & post-synaptic cells are connected through gap junctions

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16
Q

What are 2 types of receptors that are included in chemical communication?

A

Ionotropic and metabotropic

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17
Q

What are ionotropic receptors?

A

Ligand-gated receptors that allow ions to enter after neurotransmitter binding

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18
Q

What are metabotropic receptors?

A

Receptors that activate other intracellular pathways when bound by a neurotransmitter

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19
Q

Convergent neural networks

A

Multiple afferent neurons synapse @ 1 efferent neuron

20
Q

Divergent neural networks

A

One afferent neuron synapses @ many different efferent neurons

21
Q

Habituation

A

Decrease of transmitters overtime due to repeated exposure

22
Q

Sensitization

A

Increase response to a gentle stimulus due to its association to a stronger stimulus

23
Q

Ganglia

A

Cluster of neuronal cell bodies

24
Q

What is white matter?

A

Myelinated axons

25
Q

Gray matter (Cortex)

A

Cell body and dendrites

26
Q

What are 3 protective layers of the CNS? (outside-inside)

A

Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater

27
Q

3 regions of brain

A

Hind-, mid- & fore-brain

28
Q

Left hemisphere of cerebrum

A

Speech control

29
Q

Right hemisphere of cerebrum

A

Perception and orientation

30
Q

What is a sulcus?

A

A groove

31
Q

What is a gyrus?

A

A fold

32
Q

4 lobes of the brain cortex

A

Frontal
Occipital
Parietal
Temporal

33
Q

What are the different types of systems in a efferent system?

A

Somatic & autonomic

34
Q

Somatic system

A

Voluntary actions (skeletal muscles)

35
Q

Autonomic system

A

Involuntary actions (visceral organs)

36
Q

What neurotransmitter is release at the neuromuscular junction?

A

Accetylcholine

37
Q

Where do sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons synapse?

A

Peripheral autonomic ganglion

38
Q

What does the medulla oblongata regulate?

A

Respiration & blood pressure

39
Q

Criteria to be a neurotransmitter?

A

1)Synthesized in neurons
2)Released at the presynaptic neuron
3)Bind to receptor on postsynaptic neuron

40
Q

What are the types of receptors that Ach can bind to?

A

Nicotinic and muscarinic

41
Q

What are nicotinic receptors?

A

Ligand-gated ion channels (ionotropic) found in SNS or PSNS

42
Q

What are muscarinic receptors?

A

G-coupled proteins (metabotropic); cascade of many metabolic steps

43
Q

What types of adrenergic receptors are there?

A

Alpha and Beta

44
Q

Agonist

A

Substance that binds to a receptor and triggers a signalling event

45
Q

Antagonist

A

Substance that binds to a receptor, but does not trigger a signalling event

Animal Physiology I (4 decks)

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