Muscles, Locomotion & Animal Energetics

Question 1

Kinesins

Answer 1

Move along MTs towards + end

Question 2

Dyneins

Answer 2

Move towards MTs toward - end

Question 3

Axoneme

Answer 3

MT arrangement in cilia and flagella; 9 + 2

Question 4

Microfilaments

Answer 4

Long polymers of actin proteins

Question 5

Motor proteins

Answer 5

Mechanoproteins that use ATP as energy

Question 6

Sarcomere

Answer 6

1 unit of a myofibril, the area in between Z-disks

Question 7

Conscious control muscles

Answer 7

Neurogenic muscles

Question 8

Unconscious control muscles

Answer 8

Myogenic muscles

Question 9

Tropomyosin

Answer 9

Double-stranded proteins that cover myosin binding sites on actin

Question 10

Troponin

Answer 10

3 subunit protein that is located on the 7th actin monomer; will shift when calcium is present

Question 11

Where do motor neurons originate and innervate?

Answer 11

Ventral horn and muscle fibers

Question 12

What is the neurotransmitter at the NMJ?

Answer 12

Acetylcholine (always excitatory)

Question 13

Where does the motor neuron synapse on the myofiber?

Answer 13

Motor end plates

Question 14

T-tubules

Answer 14

Invaginations of the sarcolemma that allow the AP to enter into the myofiber

Question 15

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 15

Wrap each myofibril and receive electrical impulses and store calcium

Question 16

How is calcium released in skeletal muscles?

Answer 16

Change of DHPR structure on plasma membrane, trigger the opening of RyR

Question 17

How is calcium released in cardiac muscles?

Answer 17

Increased calcium [] that enters cells from DHPR

Question 18

What happens to the muscle fiber when tropomyosin blocks the myosin-binding sites?

Answer 18

Muscle fiber relaxation

Question 19

Motor unit

Answer 19

A motor neuron and the muscles it innervates

Question 20

2 main muscle fiber types

Answer 20

Fast and slow twitch

Question 21

Characteristics of fast twitch muscle fibers

Answer 21

Glycolytic, white in colour (no myoglobin) and type II

Question 22

Characteristics of slow twitch muscle fibers

Answer 22

Oxidative, red in colour (myoglobin) and type I

Question 23

Sonic muscles

Answer 23

Vibration of muscles produces high-frequency contractions

Question 24

Synchronous vs asynchronous flight muscles

Answer 24

There is a correlation between AP and contraction, but not in asynchronous (there are multiple contractions per AP, doesn’t have to do with calcium release)

Question 25

Direct vs indirect flight muscles

Answer 25

Either attached directly to an insect’s wings via ligaments or not

Question 26

3 sources of ATP

Answer 26

1)Phosphagen pools
2)Anaerobic glycolysis
3)Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 27

What determines what type of fuel is used?

Answer 27

Duration and intensity

Question 28

What mechanisms are responsible for mobilizing these fuels?

Answer 28

Carbohydrate and fat utilization

Question 29

What mechanisms are used for burst exercise?

Answer 29

Creatine phosphate and anaerobic glycolysis

Question 30

What mechanisms are used for endurance exercise?

Answer 30

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 31

Metabolism

Answer 31

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body

Question 32

Metabolic rate

Answer 32

Conversion of energy to heat and external work

Question 33

Respirometry

Answer 33

Ratio of O2 consumption and CO2 production to determine heat production and fuel used

Question 34

Calorimetry

Answer 34

Direct measure of heat production

Question 35

Bomb calorimetry

Answer 35

Difference between energy out and energy in

Question 36

Specific dynamic action (SDA)

Answer 36

The increase in heat production (use of energy) after food consumption