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Physiology Exam #2 > Sensory Physiology > Flashcards

Sensory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

specialized cells & receptors transmit ______ energy to Vm

A

environmental

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2
Q

what are the (2) general categories in sensory reception?

A

internal and external

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3
Q

internal sensory reception

A

blood pressure, osmolality, pH, position and balance

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4
Q

where do signals go in internal sensory reception?

A

subconscious brain (brain stem,hypothalamus)

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5
Q

external sensory reception

A

light/vision, sound/hearing, smell, taste, touch

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6
Q

where do signals go in external sensory reception?

A

conscious brain (cortex)

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7
Q

what are chemoreceptors?

A

taste, smell (external): CO2, pH (internal)

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8
Q

what are thermoreceptors?

A

hold and cold

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9
Q

what are mechanoreceptors?

A

touch, pressure, hearing

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10
Q

what are photoreceptors?

A

light

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11
Q

what are nociceptors?

A

pain (other receptors can also cause if stimulated intensely)

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12
Q

what are proprioceptors?

A

allows delicate muscle and tendon movements (tells brain what muscles are doing without having to see the movement)

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13
Q

what are cutaneous receptors?

A

skin –> hot, cold, pain, touch

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14
Q

what are tonic receptors?

A

continuous AP as long as stimulus present

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15
Q

what are phasic receptors?

A

burst of AP when stimulus 1st applied, then gradually decreases

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16
Q

what is an example of tonic receptor?

A

vision

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17
Q

what is an example of a phasic receptors?

A

smell

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18
Q

what is sensory adaptation?

A

touch (like not feeling the pressure of the clothes on your body)

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19
Q

what happens when a sensory receptor senses stimulus?

A

it depolarizes

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20
Q

what must the sensory receptor reach threshold to generate?

A

AP

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21
Q

what is the thalamus apart of?

A

forebrain

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22
Q

what does the thalamus act as?

A

relay center for most senses

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23
Q

what does the thalamus process?

A

information and passes on to correct area of brain (sound to auditory cortex)

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24
Q

two sensory transduction

A

ionotropic and metabotropic

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25
Q

what is ionotropic?

A

cause direct opening of ion channels (stretch or ligand gated)

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26
Q

what sensory transduction is quick-to-start, short-lasting?

A

ionotropic

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27
Q

what sensory transduction is slow to start and longer lasting?

A

metabotropic

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28
Q

what is metabotropic?

A

chemical binds to GPCR

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29
Q

what is another word for touch?

A

somatosensation

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30
Q

what does skin sense?

A

heat, cold, pressure, touch, pain

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31
Q

what are receptors?

A

naked dendrites of specialized neurons

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32
Q

what are Ruffini endings?

A

sustained pressure

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33
Q

what are merkel’s discs?

A

sustained touch and pressure

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34
Q

what are meissner’s corpuscles?

A

texture, vibrations

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35
Q

what are Pacinian corpuscles?

A

deep pressure and vibration

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36
Q

what are nociceptors?

A

damage in cells and pain

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37
Q

what is the physiological word for touch?

A

somatosensation

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38
Q

what does touch cause the opening of?

A

stretch gated ion channels causing depolarization

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39
Q

what does the sensory cell equal?

A

neuron

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40
Q

what touch sensors are phasic?

A

Meissner & Pacinian corpuscles

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41
Q

what touch sensors are tonic?

A

merkels discs and Ruffini endings

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42
Q

spinal & cranial nerves (touch) –>

A

thalamus –> somatosensory cortex

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43
Q

what is the receptive field in two-point touch threshold?

A

area of skin that, when stimulated, changes the firing rate of a neuron

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44
Q

what does the area (size) depend on in the receptive field?

A

number of neurons in location

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45
Q

what is two point touch threshold?

A

minimum distance at which two points of touch can be perceived as separate

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46
Q

what is lateral inhibition?

A

when a blunt object touches the skin and the middle area is stimulated more than the edges

47
Q

what do sensory neurons in the center of lateral inhibition inhibit?

A

sensory neurons nearby

48
Q

what is another word for taste?

A

gustation

49
Q

what does the tongue sense?

A

tastants via taste buds

50
Q

what are taste buds?

A

randomly placed modified epithelium that can be replaced if damaged

51
Q

do all the taste cells in a single taste bud sense the same tastant?

A

YES!

52
Q

What are the six categories of taste?

A

Salty (Na+), Sour (H+), Bitter, sweet, umami (meat, savory), chalky (Ca++)

53
Q

what is the chain of taste buds to the brain?

A

taste buds -> cranial nerves -> thalamus -> gustatory cortex

54
Q

what are salty (Na+) and sour (H+)?

A

ionotropic

55
Q

what are bitter, sweet, and umami?

A

metabotropic

56
Q

what is another word for smell?

A

olfaction

57
Q

what is the stimulus for smell?

A

odorants in the air

58
Q

what does smell have?

A
  • epithelium lining the nasal cavity contains neurons expressing 100s of different receptors
  • chemosensory
  • sensory cell = neuron
  • random distribution of receptors
59
Q

can cells in the nose be replaced if damaged?

A

YES!

60
Q

what do dendrites in smell have?

A

non motile cilia, PM on cilia have receptors

61
Q

is smell metabotropic or ionotropic?

A

metabotropic

62
Q

what is the chain for smell?

A

Olfactory receptor neurons -> olfactory bulb -> olfactory tract -> olfactory cortex

63
Q

what does the smells chain not go through?

A

thalamus

64
Q

what other brain region does smell connect to?

A

limbic system and hippocampus

65
Q

what is another word for hearing?

A

Audition

66
Q

what does the outer ear do in hearing?

A

funnels amplified sound waves

67
Q

what does the middle ear do in hearing?

A

transmits sound waves to inner ear

68
Q

what are the three bones in the ear for hearing?

A

malleus, incus, stapes

69
Q

what does the inner ear do for hearing?

A

senses sound waves and transmits signal

70
Q

what are sound waves sensed by?

A

hair cells lining the cochlea of the inner ear

71
Q

what does the spiral organ (or organ of Corti) do?

A

converts sound into AP

72
Q

What is hearing?

A

ionotropic and tonic

73
Q

what kind of hair cells do the ears contain?

A

modified epithelium

74
Q

where does hearing rest on?

A

basilar membrane

75
Q

what kind of hair protrude into what kind of membrane?

A

stereocilia protrudes into gelatinous tectorial membrane

76
Q

what vibrates as sound waves pass through scala vestibuli?

A

basilar membrane

77
Q

what kind of gated channels do stereocilia cells have?

A

stretch gated K+ channels

78
Q

when surrounded in fluid high in K+, what rushes in?

A

K+

79
Q

what is the auditory pathway?

A

hair cell of basilar membrane -> auditory nerve => brainstem -> thalamus -> auditory cortex

80
Q

what is balance and equilibrium sensed by?

A

vestibular apparatus

81
Q

what are the three that help balance and equilibrium?

A

utricle, saccule, semicircular canals

82
Q

what do balance and equilibrium in the ear have?

A

it is mechanosensory, ionotropic, and tonic

83
Q

what does the inner ear have a larger of?

A

kinocilium

84
Q

what happens when stereocilia are bent towards kinocilium?

A

depolarization

85
Q

what happens when stereocilia are bent away from kinocilium?

A

hyperpolarization

86
Q

what are otolith organs?

A

stereocilia of hair stick out into a gelatinous otolith membrane containing CaCo3 crystals

87
Q

what happens when the crystals give a great mass?

A

moves during accelaration

88
Q

what does the utricle do?

A

horizontal acceleration (slamming on breaks)

89
Q

what does the saccule do?

A

vertical acceleration (elevator)

90
Q

what law is the movement of the otolith connected to?

A

law of interia

91
Q

what movement does the head do when the semicircular canals move anteriorly?

A

shake head yes

92
Q

what movement does the head do when the semicircular canals move laterally?

A

shaking head no

93
Q

what movement does the head do when the semicircular canals move posteriorly?

A

cartwheels

94
Q

where are hair cells located?

A

in ampulla at the base of each canal

95
Q

where are stereocilia embedded?

A

in a gelatinous membrane called the cupula

96
Q

pathway of balance and equilibrium

A

hair cells -> vestibular apparatus -> vestibular portion of auditory nerve -> brain stem -> thalamus -> cerebellum

97
Q

what is the cause of vertigo?

A

when AP frequency from one inner ear is different than the other one

98
Q

what is another word for vision?

A

photoreception

99
Q

what do the cornea and lens do?

A

refract and focus light on retina

100
Q

what does light stimulus lead to the release of?

A

ligand

101
Q

what does the release of ligand do?

A

stimulates AP

102
Q

what is vision?

A

photosensory and tonic

103
Q

what are the two photoreceptors?

A

rods and cons

104
Q

list what you know about rods

A
  • very sensitive to light
  • useful in dim light
  • outnumber cones 9:1
105
Q

list what you know about cones

A
  • 3 kinds (red, blue, green)
  • enriched in the fovea
  • less sensitive to light
  • useful in bright light
  • color discrimination
106
Q

what is dark current?

A

constant flow of ions occurring in photoreceptors in the dark

107
Q

photoreceptors are slightly____ in the dark

A

deporlarized

108
Q

what does light cause ligand-gated Na+ channels through activation of a GPCR?

A

it causes it to close

109
Q

what is photosensation?

A

hyperpolarization, rhodopsin, metabotropic

110
Q

what is fovea centralis made up of?

A

all cones

111
Q

what do optic discs not have?

A

cones or rods

112
Q

what is it called when a light is shined on the optic disc?

A

blind spot

113
Q

do rods or cones have better acuity/detail, and why?

A

cones, because it has no convergence

114
Q

what is the visual pathway?

A

rods & cones -> intermediate neurons -> optic nerve -> thalamus -> visual cortex

Physiology Exam #2 (4 decks)

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