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Physiology Exam #2 > Endocrine Physiology > Flashcards

Endocrine Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two types of glands?

A

endocrine and exocrine

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2
Q

what do exocrine glands secrete?

A

substances to the outside (e.g digestive glands, sweat glands)

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3
Q

Do ducts allow secretion?

A

YEAH

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4
Q

what do endocrine glands secrete?

A

hormones to the blood (e.g thyroid, gonads, pituitary

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5
Q

Are ducts required in endocrine glands?

A

no

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6
Q

nonpolar hormones?

A
  • cant dissolve in plasma -> carrier proteins
  • pass through PM DIRECTLY into cell
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7
Q

what are examples of nonpolar hormones?

A

steroids and thyroid hormones

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8
Q

where are steroids derived from?

A

cholestorol

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9
Q

where are thyroid hormones derived from?

A

tyrosine

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10
Q

polar hormones?

A
  • dissolve easily in plasma
  • can’t pass through PM, must use receptor
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11
Q

What are examples of polar hormones?

A

amines (melatonin), polypeptides (insulin), proteins (growth hormones)and glycoproteins (LH)

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12
Q

what is a pituitary gland also called?

A

hypophysis

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13
Q

where is the pituitary gland located?

A

directly below hypothalamus (connected by infundibulum)

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14
Q

how many glands are in the pituitary gland?

A

2

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15
Q

what are the names of the 2 pituitary glands?

A

anterior and posterior

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16
Q

what is AP (or adenohypophysis) derived from?

A

oral epithelium

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17
Q

what is the connection between AP and the hypothalamus?

A

there is no neural connection between them

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18
Q

what is PP (or neurohypophysis) derived from?

A

brain

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19
Q

what is the connection between PP and the hypothalamus?

A

axons extend from the hypothalamus

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20
Q

are hormones from PP secreted or produced?

A

secreted

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21
Q

what is an example of an antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

A

vasopressin

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22
Q

what does the stimulus equal in an ADH?

A

high osmolality (dehydration), increased blood pressure

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23
Q

what is the target of ADH?

A

kidney, arterioles

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24
Q

what is the action of ADH?

A

H2O retention, vasocontriction

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25
what is an example of a stimulus for Oxytocin?
baby sickling
26
what is the target for oxytocin?
- uterine smooth muscle -> contraction at parturition - mammary alveoli -> milk ejection (let down) - brain -> maternal bonding - men = sperm transport
27
what are the two hormones secreted by PP?
antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
28
what does the AP do?
produces and releases hormones
29
what kind of hormones does the AP produce/release?
growth hormones, thyroid stimulation hormone, and adrenocorticotropic hormone
30
growth hormones (GH)
- i.e somatotropin - promotes tissue and organ growth, synthesis
31
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
- i.e thyrotropin - stimulates the thyroid to secrete thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
32
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- i.e corticotropin - stimulates the adrenal gland to release steroids (e.g cortisol)
33
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- i.e. folliculotropin - women -> stimulates growth of ovarian follicles - males -> stimulates production of sperm in testes
34
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- i.e. luteotropin - women -> stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum in ovaries - men -> stimulates interstitial Leydig cells of testes to secrete testosterone
35
prolactin (PRL)
- women -> stimulates milk production by mammary glands - roles in reproduction and kidneys of men and women
36
what is the system that controls the AP?
hypothalamo- hypophyseal portal system
37
what does the hypothalamus secrete?
releasing hormones
38
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
AP-> ACTH
39
thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
AP -> TSH
40
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
AP -> FSH & LH
41
growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
AP -> GH
42
do all or some hypothalamic hormones inhibit AP?
some
43
what does hypothalamic control of AP apply to?
AP hormones that DON'T stimulate hormone production by other glands
44
somatostatin of hypothalamic control of AP
AP blocks production of GH
45
prolactin-inhibiting hormone (hypothalamic control of AP) (PIH)
AP blocks production of PRL
46
control of AP hormone secretion
- negative feedback inhibition - eventually, reach hypothalamus and AP - inhibit the production of releasing and stimulating hormones - anabolic steroid abuse
47
what are hormones produced in control of AP hormone secretion?
by target organ circulating in the blood
48
what kind of disorders can be found in endocrine?
primary and secondary
49
primary endocrine disorders
- the dysfunction is at all the levels of the final gland (e.g. thyroid and adrenal) - negative feedback functions on AP
50
secondary endocrine disorders
- the dysfunction is at the level of the AP (tumor is the most likely cause) - negative feedback does NOT function
51
what are the two parts of an adrenal gland?
adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex
52
adrenal medulla has what type of control?
sympathetic
53
what does the adrenal medulla produce?
epinephrine (& norepinephrine)
54
what does the adrenal medulla promote?
fight or flight
55
what kind of stress response does the adrenal medulla have?
a quick response
56
what does the adrenal medulla dilate?
airways
57
what does the adrenal medulla stimulate?
glycogenolysis
58
what is the adrenal cortex controlled by?
ACTH from AP
59
what are glucocorticoids in the adrenal cortex?
- high blood glucose (glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis) - promote breakdown of AA
60
what weakness does the adrenal cortex have?
weak androgens
61
what type of response does the adrenal cortex have?
slow response
62
what is the first stage of the general syndrome (GAS)?
alarm reaction -> adrenal gland activated
63
what is the second stage of GAS?
stage of resistance -> readjustment occurs
64
what is the possible third stage of GAS?
stage of exhaustion -> sickness or death (readjustment didn't work)
65
what are two common adrenal gland disorders?
cushing's syndrome and addison's disease
66
what is Cushing's syndrome?
excessively high corticosteroids in blood
67
what is the cause of CS?
tumor of anterior pituitary or adrenal cortex
68
what are the symptoms of CS?
changes in carb & protein metabolism, hyperglycemia, hypertension, muscular weakness, pully appearance (buffalo hump or moon face)
69
what is the treatment of CS?
tumor removal
70
what is Addison's disease?
inadequate secretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
71
what is the cause of Addison's disease?
damage to adrenal cortex due to autoimmune disease, infection, use of anticoagulants, tumor
72
what are the symptoms of AD?
hypoglycemia, Na+ & K+ imbalance, dehydration, hypotension, weight loss, weakness
73
what is the treatment for AD?
corticosteriods
74
what does the thyroid gland produce and secrete?
two nonpolar hormones - thyroxine (T4) (carrier protein = thyroxine binding globulin TBG) - triiodothyronine
75
what does T4 lose at the target cell through the membrane?
TBG
76
what does the target cell convert T4 into?
T3
77
when T3 uses cytoplasmic protein "stepping stones" what happens next?
nuclear receptor into gene transcription
78
what is required for proper growth/development of infants?
T3/T4
79
what is T3/T4 particularly important to?
CNS
80
what is cretinism?
severe mental disability caused by inadequate T4
81
what is cretinism treated with?
thyroxine
82
what does T3/T4 stimulate?
cell respiration
83
effects of T3/T4 in cell respiration?
- helps set the BMR - extremely important for metabolism
84
what are two thyroid disorders?
hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism
85
what is hypothyroidism?
low T3/T4 levels
86
what happens when T4/T3 levels are low?
high TSH levels giving no feedback which raises the stimulation of thyroid and that causes enlargement of thyroid (goiter)
87
what are the possible causes of hypothyroidism?
- low dietary iodine (iodized salt) - autoimmune attack (Hashimoto's thyroiditis)
88
what are symptoms of hypothyroidism?
- lethargy - intolerance to cold - absent perspiration - slow pulse - coarse, dry skin - increased body weight
89
what is the treatment to hypothyroidism?
oral thyroxine (levothyroxin)
90
what is hyperthyroidism?
high/excessive T4/T3
91
what is the most common hyperthyroidism disease?
grave's disease
92
what is grave's disease?
an autoimmune disease where the immune system produces antibodies to the thyroid that cause it to grow, and when the thyroid tissue increase so does the T3/T4 levels
93
does negative feedback work in grave's disease?
no, the antibodies are continuously stimulating
94
what are the symptoms of grave's disease?
- impaired sleep - intolerance to heat - excessive perspiration - rapid pulse - loss of body weight
95
what are treatments for grave's disease?
- anti-thyroid drug - radioactive iodine - thyroidectomy
96
what do parathyroid glands produce & secrete?
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
97
how do parathyroid glands regulate BLOOD CALCIUM?
reflects absorption from diet, deposition in bone and resorption from bone
98
what are three parts of endocrine pancreas?
islets of Langerhans, glucagon, and insulin
99
what is glucagon produced by?
alpha cells
100
what is glucagon stimulated by?
low blood glucose (inhibited by high blood glucose)
101
what does glucagon promote?
- glycogenolysis (liver - gluconeogensis (liver) - lipolysis (adipose) - ketogenesis (multiple tissues)
102
what is insulin produced by?
beta cells
103
what is insulin stimulated by?
high blood glucose (inhibited by low blood glucose)
104
what promotes insulin?
movement of glucose into liver, muscles (glycogen), adipose tissue (triglycerides)
105
type I diabetes
- "childhood-onset diabetes" - autoimmune disease
106
type II diabetes caused by?
"adult-onset diabetes" - generally caused by poor diet (high fat & sugar) and lack of exercise
107
what is insulin resistance in type II diabetes?
decreased response to insulin in tissue, which means more insulin is required (also called insulin insensitivity, glucose tolerance)
108
what is treatment for type I diabetes?
insulin injections
109
what is treatment for type II diabetes?
diet and exercise, oral drugs
110
what does the pineal gland secrete?
melatonin upon stimulation by SCN of the hypothalamus
111
what does the pineal gland regulate?
circadian rhythms
112
what does adipose tissue a huge producer of?
hormones and adipokines
113
what is adipose tissue a major player in?
satiety, hunger, obesity
114
what is Leptin?
hormone that induces satiety (feeling full)
115
what happens if you have more adipose?
you have more leptin and feel less hungry
116
what is resistin?
hormone involved in development of insulin resistance

Physiology Exam #2 (4 decks)

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