Reproductive Physiology (male)

Question 1

what is the chain of sexual reproduction?

Answer 1

intercourse, fertilization, pre natal development, parturition, lactation, post-natal development, puberty (back to #1)

Question 2

what are gametes (males)?

Answer 2

sperm (spermatozoa)

Question 3

what are gonads (males)?

Answer 3

testes

Question 4

what are the two main parts of testes?

Answer 4

seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissue

Question 5

what do seminiferous tubules do?

Answer 5

produce sperm

Question 6

what does interstitial tissue do?

Answer 6

connective tissue and Leydig cells (androgens)

Question 7

hormone control in testes

Answer 7

-FSH & LH from AP

Question 8

what receptor is in seminiferous tubules?

Answer 8

FSH

Question 9

what receptor is on Leydig cells?

Answer 9

LH

Question 10

what is constantly produced in testes?

Answer 10

GnRH through little pulses

Question 11

what hormone do seminiferous tubules produce?

Answer 11

inhibin (negative feedback on FSH)

Question 12

what hormone do Leydig cells produce?

Answer 12

testosterone (neg. feedback on GnRH & LH)

Question 13

what do Leydig cells not fully inhibit?

Answer 13

FSH

Question 14

what polarity do steroid hormones shave?

Answer 14

nonpolar, because receptor is inside of cell

Question 15

prostate

Answer 15

testosterone -> DHT

Question 16

hypothalamic neurons

Answer 16

testosterone -> estradiol (aromatase)

Question 17

what does testosterone stimulate?

Answer 17

spermatogenesis

Question 18

what is the target of spermatogenesis?

Answer 18

seminiferous tubules

Question 19

what is the effect of testosterone stimulating spermatogenesis?

Answer 19

sperm production

Question 20

what are the effects of testosterone and the development of secondary sexual characteristics?

Answer 20

• targets: prostate, seminal vesicles, penis, hair follicles, muscle
• effects: growth/maintenance; hair growth in face, underarms, chest

Question 21

what are the effects of testosterone on anabolism?

Answer 21

• targets: musculoskeletal system (larynx, erythropoiesis)
• effects: muscle growth, lowering of voice, rise in RBC production

Question 22

In what location does spermatogenesis happen?

Answer 22

seminiferous tubules (contains spermatogonia and Sertoli cells)

Question 23

what do the parent cells (spermatogonia) reproduce by?

Answer 23

mitosis

Question 24

what do parent cells produce spermatozoa by?

Answer 24

meiosis

Question 25

what does the 1st division of meiosis produce?

Answer 25

2 haploid, 2 spermatocytes

Question 26

what does the nd division of meiosis produce?

Answer 26

4 haploid spermatids

Question 27

what are Sertoli cells?

Answer 27

nongerminal

Question 28

what do sertoli cells extend from?

Answer 28

basement membrane of tubule into lumen

Question 29

what can be found in between sertoli cells?

Answer 29

tight junctions

Question 30

what do Sertoli cells surround?

Answer 30

germ cells (spermatocytes, spermatids)

Question 31

what are the functions of Sertoli cells?

Answer 31

- supply developing sperm with necessary molecules - make seminiferous tubules immunologically privileged site (haploid cells would be recognized as non self) - eliminate cytoplasm from spermatids - produce androgen binding protein (ABP) & inhibin - contain FSH receptors

Question 32

what happens when the cytoplasm of spermatids is removed?

Answer 32

become more specialized

Question 33

what does spermatogenesis eventually form?

Answer 33

4 spermatozoa are released into lumen (moved through rete testes and into epididymis)

Question 34

what happens in sperm release? (1)

Answer 34

mature sperm exit epididymis and enter vas deferens

Question 35

what happens in sperm release?

Answer 35

leaves scrotum through the inguinal canal -> pelvis

Question 36

what do seminial vesicles secrete? (2)

Answer 36

fluid that composes majority (60%) of semen

Question 37

what are seminal vesicles fluid rich in?

Answer 37

fructose which gives energy for sperm

Question 38

what becomes the ejaculatory duct? (3)

Answer 38

vas deferens

Question 39

what does the ejaculatory duct enter?

Answer 39

prostate gland

Question 40

what does the prostate gland secrete?

Answer 40

alkaline, milky proteinaceous fluid into semen

Question 41

what needs to happen in the prostate gland with semen?

Answer 41

needs to neutralize acidic pH of uterus

Question 42

corpus spongiosum

Answer 42

a spongy tissue surrounding the urethra that can fill with blood to make penis turgid (erection)

Question 43

corpus cavernosa

Answer 43

2 columns of erectile tissue located dorsally to urethra in penis (fills with blood)

Question 44

what do parasympathetic nerves induce?

Answer 44

vasodilation (blood enters corpora cavernosa)

Question 45

what does neurotransmitter lead to?

Answer 45

no production in endothelium and leads to smooth muscle relaxation (vasodilation)

Question 46

what are the inhibit enzyme that would shut down relaxation?

Answer 46

viagra, cialis

Question 47

what happens when the venous flow is blocked?

Answer 47

blood is backed up

Question 48

what nerves induce ejaculation?

Answer 48

sympathetic nerves