reproductive physiology (female)

Question 1

what are gametes?

Answer 1

eggs (oocytes)

Question 2

what are gonads?

Answer 2

ovaries

Question 3

what are ovaries & oogensis made up of?

Answer 3

ovarian follicles

Question 4

what are primary follicles?

Answer 4

follicles containing 1 (degree) occyte (before FSH stimulation)

Question 5

what is a 1 degree oocyte arrested in?

Answer 5

prophase I of meiosis (diploid)

Question 6

what does FSH do in monthly cycle?

Answer 6

development and growth of some 1 degree follicles

Question 7

what happens during mitosis in follicile cells?

Answer 7

granulosa cells begin to fill follicle

Question 8

what happens after the granulosa cells fill follicle?

Answer 8

meiosis continues and produces 2 haploid cell, polar bodies

Question 9

what must the oocyte be before 2nd meisis can occur?

Answer 9

oocyte must be fertilized

Question 10

what do granulosa cells secrete?

Answer 10

estradiol (estrogen) in increasing amounts

Question 11

what is it called when follicles develop fluid filled cavities?

Answer 11

2 degree follicles

Question 12

what happens when 2 degree follicle continues to grow?

Answer 12

vesicles fuse to form 1 cavity (antrum)

Question 13

what is a mature follicle called?

Answer 13

graafian follicle

Question 14

what happens once the graafian follicle ruptures?

Answer 14

ovulation

Question 15

what does LH stimulate the remainder of follicle (w/o oocyte) to become?

Answer 15

corpus luteum

Question 16

what does the corpus luteum secrete?

Answer 16

estradiol and progesterone

Question 17

what is the bleeding during the menstrual cycle due to?

Answer 17

shedding of inner 2/3 of endometrium & breaking of associated spiral arteries at beginning of non-fertile cycle

Question 18

what is endometrium?

Answer 18

thick stratified epithelium lining uterus

Question 19

what is needed for pregnancy?

Answer 19

endometrium (so no menstration if pregnant)

Question 20

what is the menstrual cycle dependent on?

Answer 20

FSH, LH, estradiol, progesterone

Question 21

what is the follicular stage of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 21

(days 1-14)
- FSH stimulates growth of follicles
- graafian follicles form
- FSH stimulates granulosa cells to secrete HIGH amounts of estradiol

Question 22

what is the ovulation phase of mentrual cycle?

Answer 22

(days 13-14)
- HIGH estradiol has positive feedback effect on AP leading to MORE LH secretion = LH surge (day 13)
- graafian follicle ruptures on day 14 leading to realse of 2 degree oocyte

Question 23

what is the luteal phase of menstrual cycle?

Answer 23

(days 15-28)
- LH stimulates empty graafian follicle => corpus luteum
- corpus luteum => estradiol & progesterone
- AT END (in non fertile cycle): corpus luteum regresses & DIES, causing estradiol & progesterone to FALL

Question 24

Menstural phase (endometrium)

Answer 24

(days 1-4)
- shedding of inner 2/3 of endometrium (stratum functional)
- bleeding
- drop in blood estradiol & progesterone (birth control pills)

Question 25

proliferative phase (days 4-14) of endometrium

Answer 25

- corresponds to the ovulation phase of ovary - estradiol secretion by grandulosa cells => mitosis in endometrial cells causing thickening of stratum functionale

Question 26

secretory phase of menstrual cycle (endometrium)

Answer 26

days 15-28 - corresponds to luteal phase of ovary - estradiol + progesterone cause maturation of endometrium

Question 27

how many sperm make it into the fallopian tube?

Answer 27

100

Question 28

what are the two layers of the secondary oocyte?

Answer 28

zona pellucida (glycoprotein membrane) and corona radiata (layer of granulosa cells)

Question 29

what must the sperm do to fertilize egg?

Answer 29

penetrate both layers

Question 30

what is the cap of the sperm called?

Answer 30

acrosome

Question 31

what is the acrosome made up of?

Answer 31

digestive enzymes

Question 32

what is the head of the sperm?

Answer 32

nucleus

Question 33

after fertilization by sperm, what does the oocyte complete?

Answer 33

meiosis

Question 34

what happens when nuclei fuse? (sperm & oocyte)

Answer 34

zygote is produced

Question 35

what begins mitosis?

Answer 35

zygote

Question 36

what hollow ball of cells reaches the uterus after 3 days of post ovulation?

Answer 36

morula

Question 37

what is the blastocyst made up of?

Answer 37

inner mass (fetus) & chorion (fetal part of placenta)

Question 38

what happens after 6 days post fertilization?

Answer 38

blastocyst attaches to endometrium and implantation happens

Question 39

what does implanted blastocyst secrete into maternal blood?

Answer 39

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Question 40

what does hCG prevent of corpus luteum?

Answer 40

death

Question 41

what does hCG continue?

Answer 41

production of estradiol & progesterone (no menstration)

Question 42

when does hCG decline?

Answer 42

5-6 weeks of pregnancy

Question 43

what continues to increase throughout pregnancy?

Answer 43

estradiol and progesterone

Question 44

what does implanting blastocyst developing projections that invade blood filled cavities of the endometrium lead to in placenta?

Answer 44

chorionic villi

Question 45

what do the chorionic villi form?

Answer 45

chorion frondosum

Question 46

as the endometrium grows and accumulates glycogen, what does it produce?

Answer 46

decidual reaction

Question 47

what special region does the decidual reaction form?

Answer 47

decidua basalis

Question 48

what do the chorion frondosum and decidua basalis form?

Answer 48

the placenta

Question 49

what carries deoxygenated blood away from fetus to chorion frondosum (placenta)?

Answer 49

umbilical arteries

Question 50

what carries blood from chorion frondosum to fetus?

Answer 50

umbilical vein (high O2 content from mom)

Question 51

what does maternal arteries delivering O2 to pools of blood surrounding chorionic villi allow?

Answer 51

diffusion into umbilical vein

Question 52

what hormones does the placenta have?

Answer 52

- estrogens - progesterone - chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) - chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS) - placental corticotropin releasing hormone (placental CRH)

Question 53

what do estrogens do?

Answer 53

fetal DHEA (adrenal gland) converted to estriol

Question 54

what does progesterone do?

Answer 54

maintains endometrium, promotes mammary gland development

Question 55

what does hCG do?

Answer 55

has similar effects as LH

Question 56

what does hCS do?

Answer 56

has similar effects to prolactin and growth hormones

Question 57

what does placental CRH do?

Answer 57

essential for timing of parturition (birth)

Question 58

what rises during pregnancy during time of parturiation?

Answer 58

placental CRH

Question 59

what is in the lobules of mammary glands?

Answer 59

alveoli

Question 60

what do alveoli do?

Answer 60

secrete milk into mammary ducts

Question 61

what expands at the end to form ampulla under nipple?

Answer 61

lactiferous ducts

Question 62

during pregnancy where does estrogen go?

Answer 62

proliferation of tubules and ducts

Question 63

what happens to PRL when theres high estrogen?

Answer 63

PIH releases from hypothalamus and that causes a drop in PRL

Question 64

after birth when the placenta is expelled?

Answer 64

there is a drop in estrogen

Question 65

what happens to PIH when placenta is removed?

Answer 65

stops secreting PIH, which then increases release of PRL (HIGH milk production)