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Physiology Exam #2 > reproductive physiology (female) > Flashcards

reproductive physiology (female) Flashcards

1
Q

what are gametes?

A

eggs (oocytes)

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2
Q

what are gonads?

A

ovaries

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3
Q

what are ovaries & oogensis made up of?

A

ovarian follicles

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4
Q

what are primary follicles?

A

follicles containing 1 (degree) occyte (before FSH stimulation)

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5
Q

what is a 1 degree oocyte arrested in?

A

prophase I of meiosis (diploid)

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6
Q

what does FSH do in monthly cycle?

A

development and growth of some 1 degree follicles

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7
Q

what happens during mitosis in follicile cells?

A

granulosa cells begin to fill follicle

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8
Q

what happens after the granulosa cells fill follicle?

A

meiosis continues and produces 2 haploid cell, polar bodies

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9
Q

what must the oocyte be before 2nd meisis can occur?

A

oocyte must be fertilized

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10
Q

what do granulosa cells secrete?

A

estradiol (estrogen) in increasing amounts

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11
Q

what is it called when follicles develop fluid filled cavities?

A

2 degree follicles

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12
Q

what happens when 2 degree follicle continues to grow?

A

vesicles fuse to form 1 cavity (antrum)

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13
Q

what is a mature follicle called?

A

graafian follicle

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14
Q

what happens once the graafian follicle ruptures?

A

ovulation

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15
Q

what does LH stimulate the remainder of follicle (w/o oocyte) to become?

A

corpus luteum

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16
Q

what does the corpus luteum secrete?

A

estradiol and progesterone

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17
Q

what is the bleeding during the menstrual cycle due to?

A

shedding of inner 2/3 of endometrium & breaking of associated spiral arteries at beginning of non-fertile cycle

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18
Q

what is endometrium?

A

thick stratified epithelium lining uterus

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19
Q

what is needed for pregnancy?

A

endometrium (so no menstration if pregnant)

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20
Q

what is the menstrual cycle dependent on?

A

FSH, LH, estradiol, progesterone

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21
Q

what is the follicular stage of the menstrual cycle?

A

(days 1-14)
- FSH stimulates growth of follicles
- graafian follicles form
- FSH stimulates granulosa cells to secrete HIGH amounts of estradiol

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22
Q

what is the ovulation phase of mentrual cycle?

A

(days 13-14)
- HIGH estradiol has positive feedback effect on AP leading to MORE LH secretion = LH surge (day 13)
- graafian follicle ruptures on day 14 leading to realse of 2 degree oocyte

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23
Q

what is the luteal phase of menstrual cycle?

A

(days 15-28)
- LH stimulates empty graafian follicle => corpus luteum
- corpus luteum => estradiol & progesterone
- AT END (in non fertile cycle): corpus luteum regresses & DIES, causing estradiol & progesterone to FALL

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24
Q

Menstural phase (endometrium)

A

(days 1-4)
- shedding of inner 2/3 of endometrium (stratum functional)
- bleeding
- drop in blood estradiol & progesterone (birth control pills)

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25
Q

proliferative phase (days 4-14) of endometrium

A
  • corresponds to the ovulation phase of ovary
  • estradiol secretion by grandulosa cells => mitosis in endometrial cells causing thickening of stratum functionale
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26
Q

secretory phase of menstrual cycle (endometrium)

A

days 15-28
- corresponds to luteal phase of ovary
- estradiol + progesterone cause maturation of endometrium

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27
Q

how many sperm make it into the fallopian tube?

A

100

28
Q

what are the two layers of the secondary oocyte?

A

zona pellucida (glycoprotein membrane) and corona radiata (layer of granulosa cells)

29
Q

what must the sperm do to fertilize egg?

A

penetrate both layers

30
Q

what is the cap of the sperm called?

A

acrosome

31
Q

what is the acrosome made up of?

A

digestive enzymes

32
Q

what is the head of the sperm?

A

nucleus

33
Q

after fertilization by sperm, what does the oocyte complete?

A

meiosis

34
Q

what happens when nuclei fuse? (sperm & oocyte)

A

zygote is produced

35
Q

what begins mitosis?

A

zygote

36
Q

what hollow ball of cells reaches the uterus after 3 days of post ovulation?

A

morula

37
Q

what is the blastocyst made up of?

A

inner mass (fetus) & chorion (fetal part of placenta)

38
Q

what happens after 6 days post fertilization?

A

blastocyst attaches to endometrium and implantation happens

39
Q

what does implanted blastocyst secrete into maternal blood?

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

40
Q

what does hCG prevent of corpus luteum?

A

death

41
Q

what does hCG continue?

A

production of estradiol & progesterone (no menstration)

42
Q

when does hCG decline?

A

5-6 weeks of pregnancy

43
Q

what continues to increase throughout pregnancy?

A

estradiol and progesterone

44
Q

what does implanting blastocyst developing projections that invade blood filled cavities of the endometrium lead to in placenta?

A

chorionic villi

45
Q

what do the chorionic villi form?

A

chorion frondosum

46
Q

as the endometrium grows and accumulates glycogen, what does it produce?

A

decidual reaction

47
Q

what special region does the decidual reaction form?

A

decidua basalis

48
Q

what do the chorion frondosum and decidua basalis form?

A

the placenta

49
Q

what carries deoxygenated blood away from fetus to chorion frondosum (placenta)?

A

umbilical arteries

50
Q

what carries blood from chorion frondosum to fetus?

A

umbilical vein (high O2 content from mom)

51
Q

what does maternal arteries delivering O2 to pools of blood surrounding chorionic villi allow?

A

diffusion into umbilical vein

52
Q

what hormones does the placenta have?

A
  • estrogens
  • progesterone
  • chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
  • chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS)
  • placental corticotropin releasing hormone (placental CRH)
53
Q

what do estrogens do?

A

fetal DHEA (adrenal gland) converted to estriol

54
Q

what does progesterone do?

A

maintains endometrium, promotes mammary gland development

55
Q

what does hCG do?

A

has similar effects as LH

56
Q

what does hCS do?

A

has similar effects to prolactin and growth hormones

57
Q

what does placental CRH do?

A

essential for timing of parturition (birth)

58
Q

what rises during pregnancy during time of parturiation?

A

placental CRH

59
Q

what is in the lobules of mammary glands?

A

alveoli

60
Q

what do alveoli do?

A

secrete milk into mammary ducts

61
Q

what expands at the end to form ampulla under nipple?

A

lactiferous ducts

62
Q

during pregnancy where does estrogen go?

A

proliferation of tubules and ducts

63
Q

what happens to PRL when theres high estrogen?

A

PIH releases from hypothalamus and that causes a drop in PRL

64
Q

after birth when the placenta is expelled?

A

there is a drop in estrogen

65
Q

what happens to PIH when placenta is removed?

A

stops secreting PIH, which then increases release of PRL (HIGH milk production)

Physiology Exam #2 (4 decks)

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