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Ani Phy (lec) > Sensory Physio > Flashcards

Sensory Physio Flashcards

1
Q

Specialized cells for obtaining information about the environment

A

Sensory cells

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2
Q

What pump promotes transmitter release

A

Ca2+

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3
Q

Name all the cranial nerves and their function

A

Only one of the two athletes felt very good, victorious, and healthy

Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abduscens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal

Some say mary money but my brother says big brains matter more

Sensory
Sensory
Motor
Motor
Both
Motor
Both
Sensory
Both
Both
Motor
Motor

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4
Q

Cranial nerve: functions in sense of smell

A

Olfactory

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5
Q

Cranial nerve : functions in vision

A

Optic nerve

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6
Q

Cranial nerve : functions in movement of eyeball and pupil constriction

A

Oculomotor nerve

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7
Q

Cranial nerve : movement of the eyeball

A

Trochlear nerve

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8
Q

Cranial nerve : functions in general sensation in face, scalp, corneas, and nasal and oral cavities and; chewing

A

Trigeminal nerve

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9
Q

Cranial nerve :functions in movement of the eyeball

A

Abduscens nerve

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10
Q

Cranial nerve :functions in taste, facial expression, and secretion of tears and saliva

A

Facial nerve

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11
Q

Cranial nerve :functions in hearing and balance

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve

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12
Q

Cranial nerve :functions in teste and sensation from the back of the tongue; swallowing and speech and; secretion of saliva

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

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13
Q

Cranial nerve :functions in taste and sensation from epiglottis and pharynx; swallowing and speech and;muscle contraction of thoracic and abdominal organs and secretion of digestive fluids

A

Vagus nerve

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14
Q

Cranial nerve :functions in head and shoulder movement

A

Accessory nerve

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15
Q

Cranial nerve :functions in movement of the tongue muscles

A

Hypoglossal nerve

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16
Q

3 primary roles of sensors

A
  1. Proprioceptors = detect the animal’s position in space
  2. Interoreceptors = detect internal body signals
  3. Exteroreceptors = detect external signals such as light, chemicals, etc.
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17
Q

Our perception of the world is incomplete because

A
  1. Detect only a limited number of energy forms
  2. Perceive sounds, color, shapes, textures, smells, taste, deformations, and temperature
  3. Di not perceive magnetic forces, electrical forces, polarized light waves, or ultraviolet light waves
  4. Information we receive is filtered or modified (at the receptor, brainstem, or cortex)
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18
Q

Term in receptor physiology : change detectable by the body

A

Stimulus

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19
Q

Term in receptor physiology :form of energy that stimuli take

A

Modality

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20
Q

Term in receptor physiology :structure that respond to a particular modality

A

Receptor

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21
Q

Term in receptor physiology :conversion from one form of energy to another

A

Transduction

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22
Q

Classes of sensory receptors

A

Mechanoreceptors
=in skin, muscle and tendons, and blood vessels

Thermoreceptors
= in skin

Photoreceptors
=in retina

Chemoreceptors
=in tongue and nose

Nociceptors (stimuli causing tissue damage)
=throughout the body

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23
Q

Modality with the lowest energy that would activate the receptor

A

Adequate stimulus

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24
Q

Johannes Muller - receptors would only respond to certain stimulus and not to others

A

Doctrine of specific nerve energies

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25
Q

Sensation perceived depends on receptor activated, not stimulus

A
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26
Q

Types of sensory structural design

A
  1. Primary sensors
    - Dendritic endings of sensory neurons
    - simulation directly evokes APs in neuron
  2. Secondary sensors
    - specialized sensory cell
    - stimulation of sensor induced release of neurotransmitter to sensory neuron
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27
Q

A receptor may either be:

A modified nerve ending - generator potential

Another cell closely associated with the sensory neuron - receptor potential

A
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28
Q

Sensory adaptation:
• exhibit little adaptation
• maintain constant firing rate as long as stimulus is applied
• do not adapt at all, or adapt slowly
• E.g. muscle stretch receptors,
pressure, slow pain

A

Tonic receptors

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29
Q

Sensory adaptation:
• exhibit sensory adaptation
• firing rate of receptor (# AP’s)
decreases with constant stimulus
• adapt rapidly
• exhibit “on” “off” responses
• E.g. Touch to the skin (Pacinian
corpuscles)

A

Phasic receptors

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30
Q

4 steps to Sensation

A
  1. Simulation
  2. Transduction
  3. Conduction
  4. Perception
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31
Q

A step to sensation:
•application of stimulus
•Must be strong enough to
induce AP in sensory neuron
•Sensors most sensitive to one
particular stimulus modality
(adequate stimulus)

A

Stimulation

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32
Q

A step to sensation :
•induction of an action potential
•Stimulation of sensor induces graded potentials in
sensors
•generator potentials, or receptor potentials
•If strong enough depolarization, AP results
•↑ stimulus strength above threshold
→ ↑ AP firing rate

A

Transduction

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33
Q

2 kinda of sensory transduction mechanisms

A
  1. Ionotropic transduction
  2. Metabotropic transduction
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34
Q

A kind of sensory transduction where a stimulus triggers channels to open by direct action

A

Ionotropic transduction

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35
Q

A kind of sensory transduction where a stimulus triggers channels to open indirectly via a second messenger

A

Metabotropic transduction

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36
Q

A step to sensation:
• relay of information through a sensory pathway to specific
region of CNS

A

Conduction

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37
Q

There are usually how many neurons in sensory pathway?

A

3
• 1st order neuron
from stimulation point to CNS
• 2nd order neuron
e.g., from entry into CNS to thalamus
• 3rd order neuron
e.g., from thalamus to perception site

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38
Q

A step to sensation:
• Detection of environmental change by CNS
• Evaluation of nature of change and magnitude

A

Perception

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39
Q

Is an area of the body that,
when stimulated, changes
the firing rate of a sensory
neuron

A

Receptive field

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40
Q

If the firing rate of the
sensory neuron is increased,
the receptive field is
________

A

excitatory

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41
Q

If the firing rate of the
sensory neuron is decreased,
the receptive field is
__________

A

inhibitory

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42
Q

ability to discriminate
size, shape of an object in
the environment

A

Acuity

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43
Q

Higher receptor density,
Lower receptive field size,
Higher acuity

A
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44
Q

Two-Point Discrimination
Thresholds

A

refer to the minimum distance at which two separate points of stimulation can be perceived as distinct by the sensory system

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45
Q

______ homunculus concerns the signals transmitted through the frontal lobes

A

Motor homunculus

46
Q

____ homunculus concerns the signals through the thalamus

A

Sensory homunculus

47
Q

Brodmann’s area 4

A

Motor homunculus

48
Q

Brodmann’s area 1.2 and 3

A

Sensory homunculus

49
Q

✓sensors located over wide areas of the body
✓Information usually conducted to the spinal
cord first (then possibly the brain)

A

Somatesthetic senses

50
Q

✓Changes detected only by specialized sense
organs in the head
✓Information conducted directly to the brain

A

Special senses

51
Q

4 somatesthetic senses

A
  1. Touch and pressure
  2. Heat and cold
  3. Limb movements
  4. Pain
52
Q

SOMATESTHETIC SENSES: SENSOR STRUCTURE

A
  1. Free nerve endings
  2. Expanded dendritic endings
  3. Encapsulated endings
  4. Bundled receptors
53
Q

Dendrites wrapped by glial cells or connective tissue
Connective tissue enhances sensitivity or selectivity of the response

A

Encapsulated nerve endings

54
Q

Meissner’s corpuscle
Pacinian corpuscle
Ruffini’s ending
Free nerve ending
Merkel’s disk
Hair follicle receptor

A
55
Q

Thermoreceptors
• Cold-sensing channels activated by _______
• Warm-sensing channels activated by ______

A

menthol
capsaicin (chili peppers)

56
Q

Pain is associated with the detection and perception of ______ stimuli
(nociception)

A

noxious

57
Q

The reception for
pain are free nerve
endings in the skin,
muscle, and viscera

A
58
Q

Fast pain is carried by
group ___ fibers

A

III

59
Q

Fast or slow pain? It has a rapid onset and offset , and is localized

A

Fast pain

60
Q

Slow pain is carried by ____ fibers

A

C

61
Q

Fast pain or slow pain? It is characterized as aching, burning, or throbbing that is poorly localized

A

Slow pain

62
Q

Referred pain

Pain of visceral origin
Ex.

A

Dermatome rule

Heart attack could trigger jaw pain

63
Q

Hyperalgesia

A

An increased sensitivity to feeling pain and an extreme response to pain

64
Q

Allodynia

A

“pain due to a stimulus that does not normally provoke pain.” An example would be a light feather touch (that should only produce sensation), causing pain.

65
Q

2 possible destinations for sensory information upon entwined the spinal cord

A
  1. Party of spinal reflex arc
  2. Relayed up ascending to somatosensory cortex
66
Q

5 special senses

A
  1. Taste
  2. Smell
  3. Hearing
  4. Vision
  5. Equilibrium
67
Q

Another term for taste

A

Gustation
Latin - gustare, to taste

68
Q

•contain microvilli that project to the external surface
•When chemicals come into contact with these hairs,
buds release NT to sensory neurons → APs

A

Taste buds

69
Q

Gustation
Signal travel to the parietal lobe (inferior post central gyrus)

A
70
Q

Different tastes derived from
activation of different signaling
pathways within the cells

A

Salty (high [Na+])
Sour (high [H+])
Sweet (organic molecules)
Bitter (toxins)
Umami (glutamate)

71
Q

In contrast to olfactory
receptor cells, taste
receptors are not neurons

A

They are specialized cells called gustatory cells or taste cells

72
Q

Tongue part:
•Has fungiform papillae
•Detect salty and sweet sensations
•Is innervated by CN VII (chorda
tympani)

A

The anterior two-thirds of the
tongue

73
Q

Tongue part:
•Has circumvallate and foliate papillae
•Detects sour and bitter sensation
•Is innervated by CN IX (glossopharyngeal)

A

The posterior one-third of the
tongue

74
Q

3 types of papillae

A

Fungiform papillae
Foliate papillae
Circumvallate papillae

75
Q

A receptor for changes in pressure

A

Baroreceptor

76
Q

Explain lateral inhibition

A

Can further enhance sensory acuity

77
Q

Receptor for pressure

A

Merkel’s disk

78
Q

Receptors for vibration

A

Pacinian corpuscle
Meissner’s corpuscle

79
Q

Neurotransmitters for nociceptors include ________

A

Substance p

80
Q

Cranial nerves involved in gustation

A

CN VII, CN IX, CN X

81
Q

4 major sensations of taste

A

Sweet
Bitter
Sour
Salty

82
Q

Detection of chemicals in air

A

Olfaction (smell)

83
Q

Only neurons in the adult human that replace themselves

A

Olfactory receptor cells

84
Q

Cranial nerves associated with olfaction

A

CN I, CN V

85
Q

Which structure does olfactory nerve pass through on their way to olfactory bulb

A

Cribriform plate

86
Q

These sever input to the olfactory bulb and reduce or eliminate the sense of smell

A

Fractures of the cribriform plate

87
Q

Which cranial nerve carries the smell of ammonia

A

CN V

88
Q

Frequency of vibration (______)
Ultrasonic (____)
Infrasonic (_____)

A

20-20,000 Hz
>20,000 cycles per second
<20 cycles per second

89
Q

The use of sound echoes to detect objects in the environment

A

Echolocation

90
Q

The amplitude of sound waves is measured in _____

A

decibels (dB)

91
Q

Pitch (tone)
Depends on the frequency

Intensity (loudness)
Depends on the amplitude

Timbre (quality)
Depends on overtones

A
92
Q

The neural perception of vibrations in the air

A

Hearing

93
Q

Pinna > eat canal > tympanic membrane > auditory ossicles

A
94
Q

Parts of outer ear

A

Pinna (Auricle)
>collects and channels sound waves

External auditory meatus
>entrance into the skull

Tympanic membrane
>vibrates when struck by sound waves

95
Q

Parts of middle ear

A

Air-filled chamber

Eustachian tube
>connected middle ear to pharynx

Auditory ossicles
>act as sound amplifies
-malleus = against tympanic membrane
-incus
-stapes = linked to oval window

96
Q

2 regions in the inner ear

A
  1. Vestibular apparatus
    -equilibrium
  2. Cochlea
    -hearing
97
Q

3 snail-shaped tubes filled with fluid

A

• Outer canals (continuous)
• scala vestibuli – superior
• links to oval window
• scala tympani – inferior
• links to round window
• inner canal = Cochlear Duct
• floor - organ of Corti

98
Q

Waves of compressed and expanded air

A

Sound

99
Q

Conduction of sound

A
  1. Fluid pressure waves cause basilar membrane to vibrate
  2. Hair cells move against tectorial membrane
  3. Stimulates neurotransmitter release to sensory neurons
    • Auditory nerve
  4. Signals conducted to auditory cortex (temporal lobe)
100
Q

Types of hearing loss

A

Conduction deafness
Sensorineural deafness
Central

101
Q

Otolith organs

A

Utricle
Saccule

102
Q

Labyrinth is made up of

A

Vestibular apparatus and cochlea

103
Q

Bell-shaped structure at the end of each canal

A

Ampulla

104
Q

Mound of hair cells covered with otolithic membrane

A

Macula

105
Q

Otolith organ that respond to accelerations in the horizontal plane

A

Utricle

106
Q

Otolith organ that respond to accelerations in the vertical plane

A

Saccule

107
Q

Jerky back-and-forth movement of eyes

A

Nystagmus

108
Q

Mismatch of vestibular and visual input

A

Motion sickness

109
Q

Perception of electromagnetic radiation

A

Vision

110
Q

Anatomy of the eye: outer layer, middle layer, inner layer

A

Sclera
Choroid
Retina

Ani Phy (lec) (6 decks)

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