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Ani Phy (lec) > Membrane Physio > Flashcards

Membrane Physio Flashcards

1
Q

Extracellular fluid components

A

Large amount of:
Sodium
Chloride ions

Small amount of:
Potassium

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2
Q

Intracellular fluid components

A

Phosphates
Proteins

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3
Q

Parts of lipid bilayer

A
  1. Phospholipids
  2. Lipid soluble substances
  3. Water soluble substances
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4
Q

Imbedded in the lipid bilayer through hydrophobic interactions

A

Integral membrane proteins

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5
Q

Loosely attached to the cell membrane through electrostatic interactions

A

Peripheral proteins

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6
Q

2 main types of membrane proteins

A
  1. Integral membrane proteins
  2. Peripheral proteins
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7
Q

Protein molecules (2)

A

Channel proteins = have watery spaces all the way through the molecule and allow free movement of water as well as selected ions or molecules.

Carrier proteins = bind with molecules or ions that are to be transported

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8
Q

2 types of intercellular junctions

A
  1. Tight junctions (Zonula occludens)
    May be “tight” (impermeable), as in renal distal tubule, or “leaky” (permeable), as in
    renal proximal tubule and gallbladder.
  2. Gap junstions
    Are the attachments
    between cells that permit
    intercellular communication.
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9
Q

Parts of a gap junction

A
  1. Connexon =comprised of 6 Connexin. 2 Connexon form 1 gap junction.
  2. Connexin = subunits of Connexon
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10
Q

4 functional classification of cell junctions:

A
  1. Anchoring junctions
  2. Occluding junctions
  3. Channel-forming junctions
  4. Signal-relaying junctions
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11
Q

Factors that affect the rate of diffusion

A
  1. Concentration gradient
  2. Surface area of the membrane
  3. Solubility in the membrane
  4. Thickness of the membrane
  5. Molecular weight
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12
Q

molecules of each species diffuse independently

A

inspired nitrogen in room air is replaced by helium, rate of
oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion will be unaffected

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13
Q

2 types of diffusion

A
  1. Simple diffusion
    = • Is the only form of transport that is not carrier-
    mediated
    • occurs down an electrochemical gradient (downhill)
    • Does not require metabolic energy and therefore is
    passive
  2. Facilitated diffusion
    = • similar to simple diffusion
    = • carrier-mediated - exhibits stereospecificity,
    saturation, and competition
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14
Q

Types of proteins for facilitated diffusion

A
  1. Ion channels
  2. Porins
  3. Permease
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15
Q

Channels in ion channels (3)

A
  1. Ligand-gated channels
  2. Voltage-gated channels
  3. Mechano-gated channels
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16
Q

Permease acts like an enzyme instead of a pore

A
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17
Q

is the transport rate when the carriers are
saturated

A

Transport maximum

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18
Q

What is chemical specificity

A

only the natural isomer will be transported

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19
Q

Characteristics Common to All Protein-Mediated Transport

A
  1. Rate of diffusion
  2. Saturation kinetics
  3. Chemical specificity
  4. Competition for carrier
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20
Q

Types of protein transport

A
  1. Facilitated transport
    = Net movement is always down a concentration gradient.
    = inhibited by sugar such as galactose
  2. Active transport
    = Net movement is against a concentration gradient
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21
Q

Type 1 diabetes vs. Type 2 diabetes

A

T1 = No insulin
T2 = Cells do not respond to insulin

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22
Q

condition where the pancreas
or body (still) produce insulin
but the biological effects is not
as expected

A

Insulin resistance

23
Q

Characteristics of Primary Active Transport

A

• Occurs against an electrochemical gradient (uphill)
• Requires direct input of metabolic energy (ATP).
• Is carrier-mediated and therefore exhibits stereospecificity, saturation, and competition.

24
Q

Characteristics of Secondary Active Transport

A

• The transport of two or more solutes is coupled
• One of the solutes (usually Na+) is transported “downhill” and provides energy for the “uphill” transport of the other solute(s)
• Metabolic energy is not provided directly, but indirectly from the Na+ gradient that is maintained across cell membranes

25
Q

If the solutes move in
opposite directions across
the cell membranes, it is
called

A

countertransport or
antiport

26
Q

If the solutes move in the
same direction across the cell
membrane, it is called

A

cotransport or symport

27
Q

The osmotic pressure of a solution can be calculated by

A

Van’t Hoff’s Law

28
Q

The osmotic pressure created by proteins (e.g. plasma proteins)

A

Colloidosmotic pressure/Oncotic pressure

29
Q

• Is the concentration of osmotically active particles in a solution
• Is a colligative property that can be measured by freezing point depression

A

Osmolarity

30
Q

Two solutions that have the same calculated osmolarity are

A

Isosmotic

31
Q

If two solutions have different calculated osmolarities, the solution
with the higher osmolarity is

A

Hyperosmotic

32
Q

If two solutions have different calculated osmolarities, the solution
with the lower osmolarity is

A

Hyposmotic

33
Q

the process by which macromolecules are packaged in secretory vesicles and then extruded from the cell.

A

Exocytosis

34
Q

the vesicles are not coated with clathrin and are continuously fusing with the cell membrane.

A

Constitutive secretion

35
Q

the vesicles are coated with clathrin, and a signal is required before the vesicle will fuse with the membrane,
(e.g., the release of vesicular-bound water-soluble hormones).

A

Regulated exocytosis

36
Q

the movement of macromolecules from outside the cell to the inside of the cell by the active invagination of the plasma membrane

A

Endocytosis

37
Q

Categories based on state (solid or in solution) of the substance taken up

A

Phagocytosis = solid
Pinocytosis = liquid

38
Q

4 functions of intermembrane proteins

A
  1. Structural support
  2. Recognition
  3. Communication
  4. Transport
39
Q

Examples of primary active transport

A

Na+ - K+ pump
Ca2+ pump
Proton pump

40
Q

A non-induced process whereby vesicles are continuously fussing with the cell membrane

A

Constitutive endocytosis

41
Q

Function of cholesterol in cell membrane

A

maintains structural integrity and regulating the fluidity of cell membranes

42
Q

The bends in the phospholipid molecule tail is produced by

A

Double bonds

43
Q

Phospholipids have a ________ backbone (hydrophilic) and 2 ________ tails which are hydrophobic

A

Glycerol
Fatty acid

44
Q

Glycocalyx function

A

Covers an area of the surface of a cell

Prevents the interaction between the tumor and its extracellular environment

45
Q

Occluding junctions
In vertebrates =
In invertebrates =

A

Tight junctions
Septate junctions

46
Q

Channel-forming junctions
In animals =
In plants =

A

Gap junctions
Plasmodesmata

47
Q

Glucose and galactose have the same transporter

A
48
Q

Cell’s scaffolding

A

Cytoskeleton

49
Q

Carriers for facilitated diffusion of glucose require insulin

A

Insulin > insulin receptors > signal transduction > GLUT4

50
Q

The pit pinches off, forming a vesicle

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

51
Q

Explain saturation kinetics

A

Y-axis = rate of diffusion
X-axis = concentration difference

diffusion = straight line
facilitated diffusion = when transporters become saturated > transport maximum

52
Q

a condition of inappropriately elevated blood glucose levels

A

Diabetes Mellitus

53
Q

Explain proton pump

A

Gastric parietal cells transports H+ into the lumen of the stomach against its electrochemical gradient

Inhibited by omeprazole

Ani Phy (lec) (5 decks)

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