Principles Of Ani Phy

Question 1

“Things organized to use energy and raw materials from their environment, maintain integrity, and reproduce

Answer 1

Life

Question 2

Anything in the environment that an organism reacts to

Answer 2

Stimuli

Question 3

Characteristics of life

Answer 3

1. Cell
2. Organization
3. Growth & development
4. Irritability & responsiveness
5. Reproduction
6. Metabolism
7. Nutrition
8. Adaptation
9. Evolution
10. Senescence

Question 4

Organization - hierarchy (simple to complex)

Cell - > Tissue - > Organ - > Organ system - > Organism - > Population - > Community - > Ecosystem - > Biosphere

Answer 4

RBC - > Blood - > Heart - > Circulatory system - > Pig - > Herd - > Farm - -

Question 5

Muscle cell

Answer 5

Myocyte

Question 6

Hardest cell to regenerate

Answer 6

Nerve cell

Question 7

Difference between growth and development

Answer 7

Growth = change in size

Development = change in form (metamorphosis)

Question 8

Anything that causes reaction

Answer 8

Stimulite

Question 9

Stimuli causes taxis/tropism or philia/phobia

Question 10

Crossbreed between horse and donkey

Answer 10

Mule (sterile)

Question 11

Catabolic
Anabolic

Answer 11

Catabolic = breakdown
Anabolic = Building up

Question 12

Natural sources of evolution

Answer 12

1. Diversification
2. Speciation
3. Mutation

Question 13

Genetic recombination - crossing over, happens in which phase of cell division

Answer 13

Meiosis I
Prophase I

Question 14

Prophase I of Meiosis I

Answer 14

Leptotene = homologous search
Zygotene = side-by-side
Pachytene = crossing over
Diplotene = chiasmata is visible
Diakinesis

Question 15

Outward expression of a trait: Genotype or Phenotype

Answer 15

Phenotype

Question 16

Model organism example species

Answer 16

Mus musculus = house mouse

Question 17

For a large number of physiological problems, there will be some animal on which it can be most conveniently studied.

Answer 17

August Krogh principle

Question 18

Transgenic animals

Question 19

Process by which traits that enhance a species’ survival are able to produce more surviving members than others not having those characteristics

Answer 19

Natural selection

Question 20

Mechanistic explanation
-How does it work?
Evolutionary explanation
-How did it evolve to be the way it is?
Teleological approach
-why does it work

Question 21

Disciplines of physiology

Answer 21

Mechanistic physiology = how
Evolutionary physiology = adaptive significance
Comparative physiology = variation
Environmental physiology = interact
Integrative physiology = synthesis of features

Question 22

Basic cell functions

Answer 22

Self-organization
Self-regulation
Self-support and movement
Self-replication

Question 23

4 primary tissue types

Answer 23

Muscular tissue
=contraction and force generation
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Nervous tissue
=initiation and transmission of electrical impulses

Epithelial tissue
=exchange of materials
Sheets and secretory glands

Connective tissue
Bone, tendon, fat, blood, cartilage

Question 24

Shape of epithelial cells

Answer 24

Cuboidal (kidney, intestine)
Columnar
Squamous

Question 25

Epithelial cells classification based on layer

Answer 25

Simple Stratified Pseudostratified

Question 26

Which muscular tissue has cells that have no striations?

Answer 26

Smooth muscle

Question 27

Which muscular tissue has cells that are involved in voluntary action

Answer 27

Skeletal muscle

Question 28

Counterpart of hibernation for animals that sleep on summer

Answer 28

Estivation

Question 29

State of decrease in activity or inactivity of organism

Answer 29

Torpor

Question 30

Physiological organ system responsible for transporting gases, nutrients, and wastes

Answer 30

Circulatory system

Question 31

Physiological organ system responsible for obtaining nutrients, water, and electrolytes

Answer 31

Digestive system

Question 32

Physiological organ system responsible for regulating processes for duration

Answer 32

Endocrine system

Question 33

Physiological organ system responsible for defending against foreign invaders

Answer 33

Immune system

Question 34

Physiological organ system acting as a protective barrier

Answer 34

Integumentary system

Question 35

Physiological organ system responsible for support, protect, and movement

Answer 35

Musculoskeletal system

Question 36

Physiological organ system responsible for controling rapid response of the body

Answer 36

Nervous system

Question 37

Physiological organ system responsible for perpetuation of the species

Answer 37

Reproductive system

Question 38

Physiological organ system responsible for O2 and CO2, regulated pH

Answer 38

Respiratory system

Question 39

An animal's size and shape, often called

Answer 39

Body plan or designs

Question 40

The internal environment consists of materials outside of the cell, but inside of the body

Question 41

How many % of the adult human body is fluid

Answer 41

60%

Question 42

The internal environment of Vertebrates is called the

Answer 42

Interstitial fluid

Question 43

Extracellular fluid is made up of

Answer 43

Interstitial fluid and plasma

Question 44

He made the distinction between external environments surrounding an animal and the internal environment in which the cells of the animal actually live

Answer 44

Claude Bernard

Question 45

Coined the term homeostasis -Sympathetic "flight or fight" response

Answer 45

Walter B. Canon

Question 46

What cells produce glucagon

Answer 46

Alpha cells

Question 47

What cells produce insulin

Answer 47

Beta cells

Question 48

Factors affecting homeostasis

Answer 48

1. Amount of energy-rich molecule 2. O2 and CO2 concentration 3. Waste products 4. pH - acid/base balance 5. Water, salt, and electrolytes 6. Volume and pressure 7. Temperature 8. Social parameters

Question 49

3 functional components of homeostasis control system

Answer 49

1. Receptor 2. Control center 3. Effector

Question 50

The regulatory processes that maintain homeostasis in cells and multicellular organisms

Answer 50

Feedback control systems

Question 51

Animal's internal changes parallel the external conditions

Answer 51

Conformers

Question 52

Animal defend a relatively constant state

Answer 52

Regulators

Question 53

Minimize internal variations by avoiding environmental disturbances

Answer 53

Avoiders

Question 54

Change in one physiological variable to counteract a change in another

Answer 54

Enantiostasis (allostasis)

Question 55

Homeostatic regulatory variable: optimal chemical or physical condition

Answer 55

Setpoint

Question 56

Homeostatic regulatory variable: actual current condition

Answer 56

Feedback information

Question 57

Homeostatic regulatory variable: discrepancy between setpoint and feedback

Answer 57

Error signal

Question 58

Homeostatic regulatory input: reduces or reverses activity of effector, reopens condition to setpoint (negative feedback, positive feedback, feedforward information)

Answer 58

Negative feedback

Question 59

Homeostatic regulatory input: amplifies activity of effector (negative feedback, positive feedback, feedforward information)

Answer 59

Positive feedback

Question 60

Homeostatic regulatory input: changes setpoint (negative feedback, positive feedback, feedforward information)

Answer 60

Feedforward information

Question 61

Feedback effector: opposes change in variable

Answer 61

Antagonistic control

Question 62

Evolution by natural selection (adaptation, acclimatization, acclimation)

Answer 62

Adaptation

Question 63

Physiological, biochemical, or anatomical change within an individual from chronic exposure to a new environment (adaptation, acclimatization, acclimation)

Answer 63

Acclimatization

Question 64

Process of change in response to a controlled environment variable (adaptation, acclimatization, acclimation)

Answer 64

Acclimation

Question 65

Non-homeostatic regulation

Answer 65

Rheostasis

Question 66

Changes setpoint temporarily, permanently, or cyclically (fever)

Answer 66

Reset system

Question 67

Examples of positive feedback system

Answer 67

Neuron action potentials, lactation, blood clotting, orgasms

Question 68

What neurotransmitter is released during childbirth

Answer 68

Oxytocin

Question 69

Better known as vicious cycle (which feedback)

Answer 69

Positive feedback

Question 70

Amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time

Answer 70

Metabolic rate

Question 71

2 bioenergetic strategies used by animals : maintaining their body temperature at a certain level with heat generated by metabolism (endothermic, ectothermic)

Answer 71

Endothermic

Question 72

2 bioenergetic strategies used by animals: meaning they do not produce enough metabolic heat to have much effect on body temperature (endothermic, ectothermic)

Answer 72

Ectothermic

Question 73

The smaller the size of an endotherm, the greater the energy cost of maintaining a stable body temperature

Question 74

Metabolic rate at rest

Answer 74

Basal metabolic rate Standard metabolic rate

Question 75

An ectotherm requires much less energy per kg than does an endotherm of equivalent size

Question 76

Positive feedback for Childbirth

Answer 76

Estrogen (induces oxytocin receptors) Oxytocin stimulates uterus to contract and placenta to make prostaglandis (stimulate more uterine contractions)