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Ani Phy (lec) > Principles Of Ani Phy > Flashcards

Principles Of Ani Phy Flashcards

1
Q

“Things organized to use energy and raw materials from their environment, maintain integrity, and reproduce

A

Life

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2
Q

Anything in the environment that an organism reacts to

A

Stimuli

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3
Q

Characteristics of life

A
  1. Cell
  2. Organization
  3. Growth & development
  4. Irritability & responsiveness
  5. Reproduction
  6. Metabolism
  7. Nutrition
  8. Adaptation
  9. Evolution
  10. Senescence
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4
Q

Organization - hierarchy (simple to complex)

Cell - > Tissue - > Organ - > Organ system - > Organism - > Population - > Community - > Ecosystem - > Biosphere

A

RBC - > Blood - > Heart - > Circulatory system - > Pig - > Herd - > Farm - -

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5
Q

Muscle cell

A

Myocyte

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6
Q

Hardest cell to regenerate

A

Nerve cell

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7
Q

Difference between growth and development

A

Growth = change in size

Development = change in form (metamorphosis)

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8
Q

Anything that causes reaction

A

Stimulite

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9
Q

Stimuli causes taxis/tropism or philia/phobia

A
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10
Q

Crossbreed between horse and donkey

A

Mule (sterile)

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11
Q

Catabolic
Anabolic

A

Catabolic = breakdown
Anabolic = Building up

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12
Q

Natural sources of evolution

A
  1. Diversification
  2. Speciation
  3. Mutation
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13
Q

Genetic recombination - crossing over, happens in which phase of cell division

A

Meiosis I
Prophase I

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14
Q

Prophase I of Meiosis I

A

Leptotene = homologous search
Zygotene = side-by-side
Pachytene = crossing over
Diplotene = chiasmata is visible
Diakinesis

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15
Q

Outward expression of a trait: Genotype or Phenotype

A

Phenotype

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16
Q

Model organism example species

A

Mus musculus = house mouse

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17
Q

For a large number of physiological problems, there will be some animal on which it can be most conveniently studied.

A

August Krogh principle

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18
Q

Transgenic animals

A
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19
Q

Process by which traits that enhance a species’ survival are able to produce more surviving members than others not having those characteristics

A

Natural selection

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20
Q

Mechanistic explanation
-How does it work?
Evolutionary explanation
-How did it evolve to be the way it is?
Teleological approach
-why does it work

A
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21
Q

Disciplines of physiology

A

Mechanistic physiology = how
Evolutionary physiology = adaptive significance
Comparative physiology = variation
Environmental physiology = interact
Integrative physiology = synthesis of features

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22
Q

Basic cell functions

A

Self-organization
Self-regulation
Self-support and movement
Self-replication

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23
Q

4 primary tissue types

A

Muscular tissue
=contraction and force generation
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Nervous tissue
=initiation and transmission of electrical impulses

Epithelial tissue
=exchange of materials
Sheets and secretory glands

Connective tissue
Bone, tendon, fat, blood, cartilage

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24
Q

Shape of epithelial cells

A

Cuboidal (kidney, intestine)
Columnar
Squamous

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25
Q

Epithelial cells classification based on layer

A

Simple
Stratified
Pseudostratified

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26
Q

Which muscular tissue has cells that have no striations?

A

Smooth muscle

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27
Q

Which muscular tissue has cells that are involved in voluntary action

A

Skeletal muscle

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28
Q

Counterpart of hibernation for animals that sleep on summer

A

Estivation

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29
Q

State of decrease in activity or inactivity of organism

A

Torpor

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30
Q

Physiological organ system responsible for transporting gases, nutrients, and wastes

A

Circulatory system

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31
Q

Physiological organ system responsible for obtaining nutrients, water, and electrolytes

A

Digestive system

32
Q

Physiological organ system responsible for regulating processes for duration

A

Endocrine system

33
Q

Physiological organ system responsible for defending against foreign invaders

A

Immune system

34
Q

Physiological organ system acting as a protective barrier

A

Integumentary system

35
Q

Physiological organ system responsible for support, protect, and movement

A

Musculoskeletal system

36
Q

Physiological organ system responsible for controling rapid response of the body

A

Nervous system

37
Q

Physiological organ system responsible for perpetuation of the species

A

Reproductive system

38
Q

Physiological organ system responsible for O2 and CO2, regulated pH

A

Respiratory system

39
Q

An animal’s size and shape, often called

A

Body plan or designs

40
Q

The internal environment consists of materials outside of the cell, but inside of the body

A
41
Q

How many % of the adult human body is fluid

A

60%

42
Q

The internal environment of Vertebrates is called the

A

Interstitial fluid

43
Q

Extracellular fluid is made up of

A

Interstitial fluid and plasma

44
Q

He made the distinction between external environments surrounding an animal and the internal environment in which the cells of the animal actually live

A

Claude Bernard

45
Q

Coined the term homeostasis
-Sympathetic “flight or fight” response

A

Walter B. Canon

46
Q

What cells produce glucagon

A

Alpha cells

47
Q

What cells produce insulin

A

Beta cells

48
Q

Factors affecting homeostasis

A
  1. Amount of energy-rich molecule
  2. O2 and CO2 concentration
  3. Waste products
  4. pH - acid/base balance
  5. Water, salt, and electrolytes
  6. Volume and pressure
  7. Temperature
  8. Social parameters
49
Q

3 functional components of homeostasis control system

A
  1. Receptor
  2. Control center
  3. Effector
50
Q

The regulatory processes that maintain homeostasis in cells and multicellular organisms

A

Feedback control systems

51
Q

Animal’s internal changes parallel the external conditions

A

Conformers

52
Q

Animal defend a relatively constant state

A

Regulators

53
Q

Minimize internal variations by avoiding environmental disturbances

A

Avoiders

54
Q

Change in one physiological variable to counteract a change in another

A

Enantiostasis (allostasis)

55
Q

Homeostatic regulatory variable: optimal chemical or physical condition

A

Setpoint

56
Q

Homeostatic regulatory variable: actual current condition

A

Feedback information

57
Q

Homeostatic regulatory variable: discrepancy between setpoint and feedback

A

Error signal

58
Q

Homeostatic regulatory input: reduces or reverses activity of effector, reopens condition to setpoint (negative feedback, positive feedback, feedforward information)

A

Negative feedback

59
Q

Homeostatic regulatory input: amplifies activity of effector (negative feedback, positive feedback, feedforward information)

A

Positive feedback

60
Q

Homeostatic regulatory input: changes setpoint (negative feedback, positive feedback, feedforward information)

A

Feedforward information

61
Q

Feedback effector: opposes change in variable

A

Antagonistic control

62
Q

Evolution by natural selection (adaptation, acclimatization, acclimation)

A

Adaptation

63
Q

Physiological, biochemical, or anatomical change within an individual from chronic exposure to a new environment (adaptation, acclimatization, acclimation)

A

Acclimatization

64
Q

Process of change in response to a controlled environment variable (adaptation, acclimatization, acclimation)

A

Acclimation

65
Q

Non-homeostatic regulation

A

Rheostasis

66
Q

Changes setpoint temporarily, permanently, or cyclically (fever)

A

Reset system

67
Q

Examples of positive feedback system

A

Neuron action potentials, lactation, blood clotting, orgasms

68
Q

What neurotransmitter is released during childbirth

A

Oxytocin

69
Q

Better known as vicious cycle (which feedback)

A

Positive feedback

70
Q

Amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time

A

Metabolic rate

71
Q

2 bioenergetic strategies used by animals : maintaining their body temperature at a certain level with heat generated by metabolism (endothermic, ectothermic)

A

Endothermic

72
Q

2 bioenergetic strategies used by animals: meaning they do not produce enough metabolic heat to have much effect on body temperature (endothermic, ectothermic)

A

Ectothermic

73
Q

The smaller the size of an endotherm, the greater the energy cost of maintaining a stable body temperature

A
74
Q

Metabolic rate at rest

A

Basal metabolic rate
Standard metabolic rate

75
Q

An ectotherm requires much less energy per kg than does an endotherm of equivalent size

A
76
Q

Positive feedback for Childbirth

A

Estrogen (induces oxytocin receptors)
Oxytocin stimulates uterus to contract and placenta to make prostaglandis (stimulate more uterine contractions)

Ani Phy (lec) (5 decks)

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