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Ani Phy (lec) > Nerve Physiology > Flashcards

Nerve Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

2 major regulatory systems in the body

A

Nervous system
Endocrine system

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2
Q

Regulated relatively slow, long-lived responses

A

Endocrine system

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3
Q

Regulated fast, short-term responses

A

Nervous system

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4
Q

2 organs in the Central Nervous System

A

Brain
Spinal cord

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5
Q

2 divisions of Peripheral Nervous System

A

Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System

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6
Q

What Somatic Nervous System controls

A

Skeletal muscle

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7
Q

2 subdivisions of Autonomic Nervous System

A

Parasympathetic division
Sympathetic division

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8
Q

What Autonomic Nervous System controls

A

Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Glands

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9
Q

4 effectors

A

Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Glands

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10
Q

3 receptors

A

Special sensory receptors
=provide sensations of smell, taste, vision, balance, hearing

Somatic sensory receptors
=monitor skeletal muscles, joints, skin surface; provide position sense and touch, pressure, pain, or temperature sensations

Visceral sensory receptors
=monitor internal organs, including those of cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, or reproductive systems

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11
Q

Sensory receptor (eyes)
Sensory input
Integration (brain and spinal cord)
Motor output
Effector (muscle)

A
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12
Q

____ signal in one neuron must be transformed into a ____ signal if it is to be passed on to another cell

A

Electrical
Chemical

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13
Q

What types of cells are found in the nervous system?

A

Neurons: excitable cells
Neuroglia: supporting cells (glial cells)

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14
Q

Most important cells for producing coordination

Communicate information using a combination of electrical and chemical signal

A

Neurons

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15
Q

Membranes of most neurons are _____

A

Electrically excitable

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16
Q

3 main parts of a neuron

A

Cell body
Dendrites
Axon

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17
Q

8 neurotransmitters

A

Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
Dopamine
Serotonin
Gaba
Acetylcholine
Glutamate
Endorphins

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18
Q

Fight or flight neurotransmitter

A

Adrenaline

Produced in stressful or exciting situations.
=increases heart rate and blood flow, leading to a physical boost and heightened awareness

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19
Q

Concentration neurotransmitter

A

Noradrenaline

Affects attention and responding actions in the brain, and involved in fight or flight response.
=contracts blood vessels, increasing blood flow

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20
Q

Pleasure neurotransmitter

A

Dopamine

Feeling of pleasure, and also addiction, movement, and motivation.
People repeat behaviors that lead to dopamine release.

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21
Q

Mood neurotransmitter

A

Serotonin

Contributes to well-being and happiness, helps sleep cycle and digestive system regulation.
Affected by exercise and light exposure.

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22
Q

Calming neurotransmitter

A

Gaba

Calms firing nerves in the CNS.
High levels improve focus; low levels cause anxiety.
Also contributes to motor control and vision

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23
Q

Learning neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine

Involved in thought, learning, and memory.
Activates muscle action in the body.
Also associated with attention and awakening.

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24
Q

Memory neurotransmitter

A

Glutamate

Most common brain neurotransmitter.
Involved in learning and memory, regulates development and creation of nerve contacts.

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25
Q

Euphoria neurotransmitter

A

Endorphins

Released during exercise, excitement and sex, producing well-being and euphoria, reducing pain.
Biologically active session shown.

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26
Q

Types of neurons

A

Anaxonic neuron
Bipolar neuron
Pseudounipolar neuron
Multipolar neuron

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27
Q

Neurons that have more than 2 processes, but alone cannot be distinguished from the dendrites

A

Anaxonic neuron

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28
Q

Neurons that have 2 processes separated by the cell body.

A

Bipolar neuron

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29
Q

Neurons that have a single elongate process with the cell body situated to 1 side.

A

Pseudounipolar neuron

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30
Q

Neurons that have more than 2 processes; there is a single axon and multiple dendrites

A

Multipolar neuron

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31
Q

3 types of multipolar cells

A

Motor neuron (spinal cord)
Pyramidal cell (hippocampus)
Purkinje cell (cerebellum)

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32
Q

Neural circuits I

A

a) Divergence
b) Convergence

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33
Q

Neural circuits II

A

c) Serial processing
d) Parallel processing
e) Reverberation

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34
Q

What do neurons do?

A
  1. Sensory perception of stimuli
  2. Integration
  3. Motor output (muscles, glands)
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35
Q

Conduct signals from receptors to the CNS

A

Sensory (afferent) neurons

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36
Q

Neurons that conduct signals from the CNS to Effector such as muscles and glands

A

Motor (efferent) neurons

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37
Q

Interneurons (_______) are confined to the CNS

A

Association neurons

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38
Q

Why are neurons among the most thoroughly studied of all cell types?

A
  1. Neurons transmit information electrically, which allow scientists to monitor the activity of individual neurons by using various instruments originally developed for the physical sciences.
  2. Recordings of electrical activity in neurons have revealed that the properties of individual neurons from nearly all animals are similar.
  3. Neurons process information in a highly sophisticated manner, but in doing so they rely on the surprisingly small number of physical and chemical processes, making it possible to formulate general principles about their function.
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39
Q

All of the neurons in an organism’s body, along with supporting cells

A

Glial cells

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40
Q

9-10 times more common than neurons

How many in CNS
How many in PNS

A

Glial cells

4
2

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41
Q

Found in the parenchyma of brain and spinal cord

A

Neuroglial cells

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42
Q

Lining the internal cavities or ventricles

A

Ependymal cells

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43
Q

Surrounding neurons of the sensory and autonomic ganglia

A

Capsular or satellite cells

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44
Q

Forming sheaths for axons of peripheral nerves

A

Schwann cells

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45
Q

Ensheating the motor and sensory nerve terminals, and supporting the sensory epithelia

A

Several types of supporting cells

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46
Q

Glial cells include…

A

Neuroglial cells
Ependymal cells
Capsular or satellite cells
Schwann cells
Several types of supporting cells

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47
Q

Satellite cells and schwann cells are found in (PNS or CNS)?

A

PNS

48
Q

Surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia; regulate O2 and CO2 nutrients, and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia

A

Satellite cells

49
Q

Surround all axons in PNS; responsible for myelination of peripheral axons; participate in repair process after injury

A

Schwann cells

50
Q

Ependymal cells, microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes are found in (PNS, CNS)

A

CNS

51
Q

Myelinate CNS axons; provide structural framework

A

Oligodendrocytes

52
Q

Maintain blood-brain barrier; provide structural support; regulate in, nutrient, and dissolved gas concentrations; absorb and recycle neurotransmitters; form scar tissue after injury

A

Astrocytes

53
Q

Remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis

A

Microglia

54
Q

Line ventricles (brain) and central canal (spinal cord) ; assist in producing, circulating, and monitoring of cerebrospinal fluid

A

Ependymal cells

55
Q

Macrophages of the CNS

A

Microglia

56
Q

Similar to Schwann cells; single cell can myelinate multiple nerve processes

A

Oligodendrocytes

57
Q

Glial cells that provide nutritional and structural support to neurons. Maintain extracellular in balance and involved in repair and scaring after injury.

A

Astrocytes

58
Q

Cuboidal cells with cilia and microvilli. Line ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord. Produce cerebrospinal fluid

A

Ependymal cells

59
Q

What glial cells are in the CNS

A

Astrocytes = most abundant
Microglia = functions as cleanup
Ependymal cells = produce CSF
Oligodendrocytes = form myelin sheaths

60
Q

Gray matter in PNS

A

Ganglia = Collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS

61
Q

White matter in the PNS

A

Nerves = Bundles of axons in the PNS

62
Q

CNS gray matter organization

A
  1. Neural cortex = gray matter in the surface of the brain
  2. Centers = collection of neuron cell bodies in the CNS; each center has specific processing functions
  3. Nuclei = collection of neuron cell bodies in the interior of the CNS
  4. Higher centers = the most complex centers in the brain
63
Q

White matter organization in the CNS

A
  1. Tracts = bundles of CNS axons that share a common origin and destination.
  2. Columns = several tracts that form an anatomically distinct mass
64
Q

What glial cells are in the PNS

A

Satellite cells
Schwann cells (myelin sheaths)

65
Q

Classification of glial cells

The neuroglial cells, found in the parenchyma of brain and spinal cord are broadly classified as:

A

Macroglia = of ectodermal (neural) origin, comprising astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and glioblasts.

Microglia = of mesodermal origin

66
Q

Microglia or Macroglia

Type of neuroglia which are specialized macrophages or immune cells in the CNS

A

Microglia

67
Q

Microglia or Macroglia

Type of neuroglia which are neuronal supportive cells in the CNS and PNS

A

Macroglia

68
Q

Microglia or Macroglia

Derived from embryonic mesoderm

A

Microglia

69
Q

Microglia or Macroglia

Have a neuroectodermal embryonic origin

A

Macroglia

70
Q

Microglia or Macroglia

Specialized macrophages

A

Microglia

71
Q

Microglia or Macroglia

Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells. Schwann cells and satellite cells.

A

Macroglia

72
Q

Microglia or Macroglia

CNS

A

Microglia

73
Q

Microglia or Macroglia

CNS and PNS

A

Macroglia

74
Q

Microglia or Macroglia

Act as immune cells/macrophages and mediate immune responses in the CNS, clear cellular debris and dead neurons in the CNS

A

Microglia

75
Q

Microglia or Macroglia

Synthesize myelin around the axons in the CNS and PNS, form blood-brain barrier, regulate brain metabolisms and homeostasis, secrete CSF, clear cellular debris in PNS, regrowth of neurons in the PNS and regulate the external chemical environment in the PNS

A

Macroglia

76
Q

Star-shaped cells because of their numerous processes radiating all directions

A

Astrocytes

77
Q

Astrocytes with thick and symmetrical processes are found in the Grey matter

A

Protoplasmic

78
Q

Astrocytes with thin and asymmetrical processes are found in the white matter

A

Fibrous

79
Q

These cells have fewer processes

A

Oligodendrocytes

80
Q

According to their distribution, the oligodendrocytes may be:

A
  1. Intrafascicular cells = found in the myelinate tracts
  2. Perineuronal cells = seen on the surface of the somata of neurons
81
Q

Myelination I

A

In the CNS, myelin is formed by the oligodendrocytes

1 oligodendrocyte can contribute to the myelin sheath of several axons

82
Q

Myelination II

A

In the PNS, myelin is formed by the Schwann cells

Each Schwann cell associates with only 1 axon when forming a myelinated internode

83
Q

Stem cells which can differentiate into macroglial cells

Are particularly numerous beneath the ependyma

A

Glioblast

84
Q

Smallest of the glial cells which have a flattened cell body with a few short, fine processes.

Often related to capillaries, and are said to be phagocytic in nature.

Possibly derived from the circulating monocytes which migrate into the CNS during the late fetal and early postnatal life

A

Microglia

85
Q

Functions of glial cells

A
  1. Provide mechanical support to neurons.
  2. Non-conducting nature: act as insulators between the neurons and prevent neuronal impulses from spreading in unwanted directions.
  3. Remove the foreign material and cell debris by phagocytosis.
  4. Repair the damaged areas of nervous tissue by proliferation (gliosis).
  5. Can take up and store neurotransmitters released by the neighboring synapses.
  6. Help in neuronal functions by maintaining a suitable metabolic and ionic environment for the neurons.
  7. Oligodendrocytes myelinate tracts.
  8. Ependymal cells are concerned with exchanges of materials between brain and CSF.
86
Q

No difference in polarity, charge or concentration

A

Normal, unpolarized, equilibrium

87
Q

Differences in charge (+ or -) across membrane

Membrane potential not 0 mV

A

Polarized

88
Q

Membrane potential of the cell at rest

A

Resting membrane potential

89
Q

Membrane potential becomes less negative than resting level

A

Depolarization

90
Q

Membrane potential returning to resting level

A

Repolarization

91
Q

Membrane potential more negative than resting potential

A

Hyperpolarization

92
Q

Charges in membrane potential:

Upward deflection = decrease in potential
Downward deflection = increase in potential

A
93
Q

Changes in membrane potential = caused by changes in ion movement across plasma membrane

Changes in ion movement = caused by changes in permeability the membrane

Changes in permeability = caused by a triggering event (stimulus)

A
94
Q

2 types of channels

A

Leak channels (nongated channels)
- remain open

Gated channels
- opens and closes in response to some triggering events

95
Q

Mechanically-gated channels open in response to ______

A

Pressure

96
Q

2 basic electrical signals generated by the movement of ions accross the membrane

A

Graded potentials
Action potentials

97
Q

Local changes in membrane potential that occur in varrying grades or degrees of magnitude or strength

A

Graded potentials

98
Q

Amplitude directly related to level of stimulus but inversely related to distance

A
99
Q

Unbalanced charges distribution across the plasma membrane are responsible for membrane potential

A
100
Q

Decremental spread of graded potential

A

Adjacent portion of the initial active area

101
Q

Term: gradually decreases form the initial site

A

Decremental

102
Q

Types of graded potentials

A
  1. Postsynaptic potentials
  2. Receptor potentials
  3. End-plate potentials
  4. Pacemaker potentials
  5. Slow-wave potentials
103
Q

Summation of graded potentials

A

A. Subtreshold, no summation
B. Temporal summation
C. Spatial summation
D. Spatial summation of EPSP and IPSP

104
Q

Which substances move in and out of the cell during depolarization and repolarization

A

Na+ goes in
K+ goes out

105
Q

The interval of time during which a second action potential will not happen no matter how large the stimulus is

A

Absolute refractory period

106
Q

a time in which the neuron can fire an action potential, but it needs a greater stimulus

A

Relative refractory period

107
Q

Spread of AP across entire membrane in series of small steps

A

Continuous propagation

108
Q

AP spreads from node-to-node, skipping internodal membrane

A

Salutatory propagation

109
Q

Voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels have how many gates

A

2 (at rest, 1 gate is open and when the membrane becomes depolarized enough the 2nd gate will open)

1 (this gate is much slower to respond to depolarization)

110
Q

Explain how AP is a positive feedback

A

Triggering event >
1. Depolarization (decreased membrane potential).
2. Opening of some voltage-gated Na+ channels
3. Influx of Na+ which further decreases membrane potential
Back to 1

111
Q

Synaptic transmission

A
  1. Arrival of the AP to the synaptic knob
  2. Entry of extracellular Ca2+ and exocytosis of ACh
  3. Binding of ACh to the receptors and depolarization of postsynaptic membrane may bring initial segment to treshold
  4. Removal of ACh by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (propagation of AP)
112
Q

In the transmitter opens a cation influx, resulting in depolarization, it is called

A

Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential

113
Q

In the transmitter opens an anion influx, resulting in hyperpolarization, it is called

A

Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential

114
Q

Difference between temporal summation and spatial summation

A

A. Temporal summation = 1st stimulus + 2nd stimulus

B. Spatial summation = 2 simultaneous stimuli

115
Q

Presynaptic inhibition vs. Presynaptic facilitation

A

Inhibition
Gaba released = inactivation of calcium channels

Facilitation
Serotonin released = activation of calcium channels

116
Q

How botox works

A

Botox: Enters synapse and blocks release of acetylcholine. Muscle activity is dampened resulting in smooth skin

Ani Phy (lec) (5 decks)

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