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sensory neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

why does the spinal cord need protecting

A

because it is soft tissue

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2
Q

what protect the spinal cord

A

vertebral column and the meninges (outer dura, then arachnoid then pia mater)

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3
Q

what is the space between 2 spaces filled with

A

CSF

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4
Q

what carries the blood vessels that go over the surface of the cord and supply it

A

pia mater

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5
Q

what does the epidural space contain and what is it between

A

contains oily fat and is between the dura mater and bone

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6
Q

what ligament is either side of the cord and what is its function

A

dentate ligament. holds together the pia mater and arachnoid mater, prevents spinal cord moving backward and forward

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7
Q

what is the dura mater continuous with?

A

epineurium of spinal nerve

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8
Q

where does the spinal cord terminate

A

L1-2

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9
Q

where can other nerve roots continue down to

A

L2-5

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10
Q

What is the lumbar cistern

A

space below the tip of the spinal cord which contains spinal roots and is part of the subarachnoid space

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11
Q

what is the cauda equina

A

nerve roots travelling through the lumbar cistern

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12
Q

how many spinal cord segments

A

31

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13
Q

what fissure contains the anterior spinal artery

A

midline fissure

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14
Q

what is grey matter divided into

A

dorsal and ventral horn

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15
Q

what is the white matter divided into

A

3 tracts- dorsal white column, lateral white column, anterior white column

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16
Q

what is the white matter on either side connected by

A

white commissure

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17
Q

what is the dorsal white column divided into

A

fasciculus gracilis (more medial) and fasciculus cuneatus

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18
Q

is the dorsal horn motor or sensory

A

sensory

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19
Q

what nuclei run in the dorsal horn of the grey matter

A

nucleus proprius and substantia gelatinosa

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20
Q

what is the ventral horn

A

motor

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21
Q

what are the 2 groups of motor neurones in the ventral horn

A

medial (in every segment) and lateral (only where the segments give rise to nerves forming the limb plexuses)

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22
Q

what do the descending tracts synapse with in the white matter

A

with lower motor neurones

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23
Q

does white matter decrease or increase as descends?

A

decreases as go down the descending tract some axons leave

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24
Q

what are the ascending tracts

A

sensory

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25
Q

as they ascend what happens to the white matter

A

increases as gather more axons

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26
Q

what is in the middle of the grey matter

A

central canal which is a remnant of the ventricular system (contains CSF)

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27
Q

how does the dorsal horn change?

A

depends on how large/sensitive the area supplying it is eg small dorsal horn in thoracic region

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28
Q

how does the ventral horn change?

A

depends on how many motor neurones has to accommodate. at level of the limbs the lateral group push ventral horn into an oval shape

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29
Q

what can lead to sciatica and parasympathetic disturbances (cauda equine lesions)

A

the lumbar spine is flexible and lumbosacral nerve roots can be stretched, compressed or irritated

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30
Q

what is sciatica characterised by

A

pain, muscle wating, exaggerated tendon reflexes, urinary retention

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31
Q

a common cause of sciatica

A

slipped disc

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32
Q

C1-4

A

breathing

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33
Q

C2

A

head and neck movements

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34
Q

c4-6

A

HR

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35
Q

c5

A

shoulder movement

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36
Q

c7-t1

A

head and finger movements

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37
Q

t1-t12

A

sympathetic tone

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38
Q

t2-t12

A

trunk stability

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39
Q

t11-L2

A

Ejaculation

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40
Q

L2

A

hip motion

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41
Q

L3

A

knee extension

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42
Q

L4-S1

A

foot motion

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43
Q

L5

A

knee flexion

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44
Q

s2-s4

A

penile erection

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45
Q

s2-s3

A

bowel and bladder

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46
Q

where is the site of termination of afferents conveying senses of pain, temperature and touch?

A

substantia gelatinosa

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47
Q

what do the neurones of the nucleus proprius give rise to?

A

spinothalamic tracts

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48
Q

whats between the dorsal and ventral horns?

A

groups of interneurones

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49
Q

are the substantia gelatinosa and nucleus proprius in every segment?

A

yes

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50
Q

what is the lateral horn responsible for

A

preganglionic sympathetic outflow (only in thoracic and upper lumbar)

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51
Q

what do motor neurones in the medial group innervate?

A

muscles close to the midline (axial muscles)

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52
Q

what do motor neurones in the lateral group innervate?

A

limb muscles

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53
Q

where does the lateral division extend from to?

A

T1-L2/3

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54
Q

where is sacral parasympathetic outflow?

A

S2-S4

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55
Q

What is a nerve

A

made up of several roots

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56
Q

what are required for connecting of intersegments

A

fasciculus proprius; interneurons in gray matter running up and down; corticospinal fibres (from cortex); dorsolateral tract of Lissauer.

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57
Q

what is the fasciculus proprius

A

sheet of axons between the white and gray matter

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58
Q

what is the dorsolateral tract of lissauer

A

incoming afferent fibres come in and branch up and down by 1 or 2 segments

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59
Q

what is the dorsal column pathway for?

A

proprioception, discriminative touch and vibration

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60
Q

how does the primary neurone ascend in the DCP? (dorsal column pathway)

A

ipsilaterally

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61
Q

where does the primary neurone synapse in DCP?

A

at the medulla

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62
Q

where are the secondary neurone cell bodies in DCP?

A

in medullary nucleus gracilis and cuneatus

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63
Q

where is sensory decussation in DCP

A

after synapsing in the nucleus gracilis or cuneatus

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64
Q

where is the tertiary neurone cell body in DCP?

A

in the thalamus, travels to the primary cortex

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65
Q

after sensory decussation where does the pathway gather? (DCP)

A

in the medial lemniscus

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66
Q

where does it terminate in the thalamus (DCP)

A

ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus

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67
Q

where does the pathway travel through (DCP)

A

internal capsule

68
Q

where does the fasciculus gracilis carry information from

A

lower half of the body (below T6)

69
Q

where does the fasciculus cuneatus carry information from

A

upper half of the body

70
Q

where do the cell bodies of a sensory neurone lie

A

in the dorsal root ganglia

71
Q

what channel type is present on dendrite like extension of the axon

A

stimulus gated channel

72
Q

are stimulus gated channels all or nothing

A

no, graded response

73
Q

if the generator potential is sufficiently large what happens

A

depolarise the adjacent membrane- open Na+ channels leading to an action potential

74
Q

what do exteroceptors detect

A

information from outside environment- eg touch and temp, found mainly on the skin

75
Q

what do proprioceptors detect

A

properties of the organism eg muscle and tendon reflexes

76
Q

what are the slowest types of fibres (speed of conduction)

A

C fibres

77
Q

what are the order from fastest to slowest of A fibres

A

A(alpha), A(beta), A(delta)

78
Q

which fibres are well myelinated

A

A(alpha) and A(beta)

79
Q

what do C fibres and A(delta) detect

A

C- pain, temp, itch; A(delta)- pain and temp

80
Q

what do A(alpha) and A(beta) detect

A

A(alpha)- muscle proprioceptors; A(beta)- skin mechanoceptors

81
Q

what do naked endings detect

A

pain, temp, touch

82
Q

what are the encapsulated endings and what do they detect

A

Pacinian (vibration), Ruffini’s (shear stress), Merkels (pressure), Meissners (touch)

83
Q

which receptors are rapidly adapting

A

Pacinian corpuscle (Merkels- slow)

84
Q

what is a consequence of nerves being compressed or damaged

A

conduction velocity falls

85
Q

what is the dorsal horn of the spinal cord divided into

A

laminae

86
Q

what do the laminae 1 and 2 make up?

A

substantia gelatinosa

87
Q

where do A (beta) terminate (laminae)

A

laminae 2-5

88
Q

where do A (alpha) terminate (laminae)

A

extend into the ventral horn to synapse with lower motor neurones

89
Q

what tract is involved in posture and balance

A

spinocerebellar tract

90
Q

what is an incomplete lesion

A

hemicord lesion (brown-sequard lesion)

91
Q

what pathway is involved in posterior cord syndrome and what are the symptoms

A

dorsal column pathway. clumsiness, impaired proprioception, good muscle strength

92
Q

what happens to limbs in their development

A

grow outwards and rotate

93
Q

how do upper limbs rotate

A

laterally. thumb at end of pre axial border

94
Q

how do lower limbs rotate

A

medially. big toe at end of post axial border

95
Q

what roots supply biceps

A

C5-6

96
Q

what roots supply triceps

A

C7-8

97
Q

what motor supplies gluteal

A

L5-S1

98
Q

motor supply to calf muscles

A

S1-2

99
Q

what motor supply to pelvic floor, bladder etc

A

S3-5

100
Q

what roots involved in finger flexion reflex

A

C7-8

101
Q

what roots are involved in the knee reflex

A

L3-4

102
Q

what roots are involved in ankle reflex

A

S1

103
Q

what are the superficial reflex of epigastric

A

T7-9

104
Q

superficial reflex of lower abdominal

A

T11-L2

105
Q

superficial reflex of cremasteric reflex

A

L1-2

106
Q

what is the superficial anal reflex

A

S4-5

107
Q

what is a theory of referred pain

A

several nociceptors from several locations converge on a single ascending tract in the cord. pain signals from skin more common

108
Q

where does the afferent input get confused in referred pain

A

dorsal horn

109
Q

where does the pancreas refer pain to

A

back

110
Q

where does liver and gallbladder refer pain to

A

tip of scapula

111
Q

diaphragm, lung and spleen refer where

A

left shoulder

112
Q

what information does the mandibular nerve also carry

A

proprioception

113
Q

what does all info coming from the head pass via

A

trigeminal ganglion

114
Q

after passing through the trigeminal ganglion where do the neurones go

A

1 of 3 ganglia (GSA trigeminal nuclei)

115
Q

what tracts are associated with the trigeminal

A

trigeminothalamic tract

116
Q

where does the trigeminothalamic tract run to and how

A

to the thalamus, bilaterally

117
Q

what is the nucleus destination of the trigeminothalamic tract

A

ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus

118
Q

after the ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus where does the information go

A

through internal capsule to the primary sensory cortex

119
Q

what fibres are found in the anterior and posterior limbs of the internal capsule

A

thalamocortical fibres

120
Q

what fibres are found in the post limb of the internal capsule

A

corticospinal and corticonuclear

121
Q

what supplies the internal capsule (blood)

A

MCA

122
Q

what supplies the anterior limb of the internal capsule

A

lateral and middle striate branches

123
Q

what supplies the posterior limb of the internal capsule

A

anterior choroidal artery

124
Q

what is the brodmanns area for primary motor cortex

A

4

125
Q

what is the brodmanns areas for primary sensory cortex

A

1,2,3

126
Q

how does the motor homunculus represent info

A

contralateral and inverted

127
Q

where are the inferior parts of the body represented on the sensory homunculus

A

on medial surface (as move laterally and downward, move upwards on the body)

128
Q

what information goes to area 3a (central sulcus)

A

muscle spindles

129
Q

what info goes to area 1

A

from joints

130
Q

where is all info transferred to from area 3

A

area 2

131
Q

how does info relay from visual cortex to wernickes area

A

via angular gyrus

132
Q

what connects wernickes and brocas areas

A

arcuate fasciculus

133
Q

what is nociception

A

signals derived from tissue damage

134
Q

what is pain

A

unpleasant sensation associated with nociception

135
Q

what fibres are responsible for the first sharp localised pain

A

A delta

136
Q

what fibres are involved in the long prolonged dull pain following the initial pain

A

C fibres (poorly localised)

137
Q

what speed do C fibres carry

A

0.5-3m/s

138
Q

what speed do A delta carry

A

5-30 m/s

139
Q

what do all primary sensory neurones have as their excitatory neurotransmitter

A

glutamate

140
Q

what is further released for pain to perceived as moderate- intense pain

A

substance P

141
Q

what does substance P stimulate

A

histamine release leading to vasodilation and an inflammatory response

142
Q

what other peptide is released by primary sensory neurone which aids in vasodilation

A

CGRP

143
Q

what do mast cells release to activate nociceptors

A

5HT

144
Q

what happens in primary hyperalgesia

A

histamine with prostaglandins and bradykinin increase the sensitivity of nociceptive sensory endings

145
Q

what happens in chronic stimulation of nociceptors

A

build up of peptides in dorsal horn; increase in activity of neuronal responsiveness (wind up)

146
Q

what is the wind up in activity of neuronal responsiveness due to

A

change in responsiveness of NMDA glutamate receptors, so NDMA antagonists are used in pain relief; also increase size of nociceptive receptive fields (inhibition of inhibitory neurones by substance P)

147
Q

what is secondary hyperalgesia

A

central increase in pain sensitivity due to wind up in the activity of neuronal responsiveness

148
Q

what is allodynia

A

touch sensitive sensory neurones (low threshold) start to generate sensation of pain

149
Q

what is the gate theory of pain

A

some spinothalamic neurones receive inputs from both touch sensitive sensory neurones and nociceptors (which stimulate strongly). activation of the low threshold touch sensitive neurones blocks the nociceptors

150
Q

what are some endogenous analegesics

A

endorphins, enkephalins

151
Q

What neurotransmitter (monoamine) can inhibit the passage of nociceptive info?

A

5HT

152
Q

What is somatic pain

A

within the body eg muscle, body

153
Q

what happens in peripheral neuropathic pain

A

cut axons sprout but if blocked forms a neuroma which is hypersensitive

154
Q

how do endorphins and enkephalins work?

A

prevent info transfer from nociceptors to sensory interneurons in the dorsal horn

155
Q

what is a neuroma

A

tangled mass of neurones

156
Q

what can neuromas be hypersensitive to

A

pressure and temperature

157
Q

what can neuromas do to increase pain

A

change their phenotype to express alpha-adrenergic receptors, so if sympathetic axons release NA then pain arises

158
Q

what does the spinothalamic pathway convey

A

pain, simple touch and temperature

159
Q

what happens in the dorsolateral tract of Lissaeur (spino)

A

birfurcates, travels up/down by 1 or 2 segments

160
Q

in the substantia gelatinosa, the branches make contact with secondary neurones from where? (spino)

A

nucleus proprius

161
Q

where do the axons decussate in spinothalamic pathway

A

axons of nucleus proprius cross over

162
Q

ascends in spinothalamic tract to synapse where

A

ventral posterolateral nucleus of thalamus

163
Q

what tract brings proprioceptive info to the cerebellar cortex

A

spinocerebellar tract. from muscle spindle, tendon organs and joint capsules

164
Q

what is the spinocerebellar tract important in

A

motor function, balance and posture, info on position of limbs

165
Q

what is significant in the spinothalamic pathway

A

1 or 2 segments up or down from where the primary afferents entered

Neuroscience (8 decks)

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