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Bio 224 > Sensory Nervous System - Detecing the enviroment > Flashcards

Sensory Nervous System - Detecing the enviroment Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 types of sensory neuron (receptor) structure

A
  1. sensory receptor with free nerve endings
  2. sensory receptors with specialized structure
  3. sensory receptor with a receptor cell
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2
Q

sensory neuron with free nerve-endings

A

regular neuron
the sensory receptor is the neuron itself
dendrites take in stimuli - afferent neuron

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3
Q

sense organ

A

sensory receptor involving one dendrite
in a specialized structure - non neural
connective - tissue layer
pressure on skin

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4
Q

sensory receptor with afferent neuron

A

sensory receptor formed by a cell that synapses with an afferent neuron
presynaptic receptor

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5
Q

sensory receptor (attached to afferent neuron)

A

can function as single cells (or with accesory cells - recieves info that neuron needs)
can be grouped in a complex sensory organ - collection in the eye

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6
Q

modality

A

type of sensory info needed

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7
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

respond to mechanical deformation

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8
Q

thermoreceptor

A

respond to cold and heat

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9
Q

nocioreceptors

A

respond to pain - tissue damage

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10
Q

electromagnetic receptors

A

respond to electrical + magnetic fiekd - infared and ultraviolent light

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11
Q

photoreceptors

A

respond to visible light

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12
Q

chemoreceptors

A

respond to various chemicals

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13
Q

receptor potential

A

stimuli causes ion movements across membrane - alters rate at which AP is generated - increases frequency e.g bio lab + inner ear hair cells

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14
Q

inner ear cells as AP firing rate

A

bending of hair cells increase frequency of APs
bending the other way is non-preferred - decreases frequency - no bend will create stable frequency

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15
Q

example of mechanoreceptors

A

stretch receptors
hair cells

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16
Q

stretch receptors

A

in inverts and verts
detect relative position of body structures
has mechaincally gated sodium channels
deforming stimulus depolarizes membrane
perform a variety of roles in animals

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17
Q

stretch receptors in the knee-jerk reaction

A

hitting the knee in that specific spot with stretch receptors moves the extensor muscles which deform the stretch receptors which sends signals to motor neurons to move the leg

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18
Q

stretch receptors in wings of insects

A

wings elevate - connector tissue between body and wing is stretched - deformd the membrane of neurons - leads onto other things

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19
Q

neuronal mechanreceptors

A

stretch receptors

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20
Q

non neuronal mechanoreceptors

A

hair cells

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21
Q

process of hair cells working as mechanoreceptors

A

hair cell with sterocilia detects fluid movements and currents
opens mechanic gated - K+ channels
depolarizes
triggers voltage gated calcium channels which send neurotransmutter into sensory neuron and CNS

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22
Q

hair cells as balance in crabs

A

statolith - calcarious core that will move which then moves hair cells which then triggers k+ channels and sensory neurons
orientation is detected by types of hair cells triggered

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23
Q

hair cells as balance in fishes

A

water goes into the pores of the fish
bends the hair cells
depending on how much water is spread over the surface area of the fish and the amount of hair cells bent - the fish can detect if it’s going straight or turning

24
Q

hair cells as balance in humans

A

fluid will move the cupula which moves hair cells which triggers K+ channels then sensory neurons

25
Q

hair cells as organs of sound in insects

A

organs on legs (tympanum) vibrate from pressure which moves hair cells

26
Q

hair cells as organ of sound in humans

A

eardrum vibrates due to pressure - fluid moves in cochlea - moves basiliar membrane - which moves hair cells - tectorial membrane is not moved - leads to auditory nerve

27
Q

3 types of photoreceptor arrangements

A
  1. eye spots (cups)
  2. compound eyes
  3. camera eyes
28
Q

eye spots

A

pigment cups prevent light from one direction of the eye spot - which is why animals need two
light reaches photoreceptor cells and is transduced
can only see light and dark - no details

29
Q

where are eye spots found

A

invertebrates - flatworms

30
Q

where are compound eyes

A

arthropods and some annelides
insects, lobsters, segmented worms

31
Q

compound eyes

A

multiple little eyes
each one is a ommatidium
which has a lens and focuses the light
has accessory cells (light blocking pigment cells)
axon leads onto CNS
detects complex images which produces evolved brain function

32
Q

Camera eyes are found in

A

cephlapod molluscs, all vertebrates

33
Q

camera eyes

A

normal human eyes with retina, cornea, lens, pupil, and iris - also allows for complex images and evolved brain function

34
Q

commonality between all three types of photoreceptors

A

photopigment

35
Q

photopigment

A

transduces light energy into a biolelectric signal
absorbing energy from light and transducing it

36
Q

rods

A

in the retina and detect low intensity - gray shades - white and black
higher sensitivity - need fewer photons

37
Q

cones

A

detect high intensity photons - colour

38
Q

photopigments

A

retinal and an opsin

39
Q

photopigments in rods

A

rhodopsin

40
Q

photopigments in cones

A

several kinds of opsins in cones

41
Q

how we see in humans

A

light comes in from the lens - it’s focused - goes to cones and rodes - receptor potentials - goes to horizontal cells - biopolar cells - amacrine cells - ganglion cells - optic nerve

42
Q

retina is

A

outgrowth of brain - comes from ectoderm

43
Q

what do interneurons do in the retina

A

assist inr etinal intergration

44
Q

phototransduction in rods and cones (dark)

A

NA channels are open
which depolarizes the plasma membrane
glutamate is released in the cell
keeps gates open

45
Q

phototransductin in rodes and cones (light)

A

NA channels close
hyperpolarizes plasma membrane
glutamate is not released
cis retinal is converted to trans retinal
which triggers metabolic process
cGMP is converted into GMP
keeps sodium channels closed

46
Q

example of receptor potential in retina

A

when photon enters cones and rods and NA closes and hyperpolarization occurs

47
Q

examples of action potentials in retina

A

when ganglion cells send signals up to brain with the optic nerve

48
Q

retinal intergration by interneurons

A

modify original signal from receptor cells
assist in defining boundaries, changing retinal sensitivity
identifying object movement
colour of object
allows for well-developed sensory system

49
Q

example of chemoreception

A

taste and olfaction

50
Q

taste in flies

A

each leg has chemoreceptor cells with dendrites that reach the tip of the leg with a pore - eeach taste receptor responds to a diff stimulus
neuronal!!

51
Q

taste in humans

A

non-neuronal receptor cells grouped into taste buds
each receptor has a preferred chemical sensitivity
salt and sour are simple compounds - bound by ionotropic receptors
sweet, umami, and bitter - complex compounds bound by metabotropic receptors

52
Q

mouth olfaction

A

binding of odorant leads to membrane depolarization - involves less concentrated molecules

53
Q

thermoreception in vampire bats

A

noseleaf creates an infared image of

54
Q

crotalid snakes

A

pit organs form infared image of rat

55
Q

electroreception in electric fish

A

produces electric field and if it is distrubed, they know

Bio 224 (5 decks)

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