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Bio 224 > Evolutionary Aspects Of The Animal Kingdom > Flashcards

Evolutionary Aspects Of The Animal Kingdom Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Physiology

A

How various parts of animal work

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2
Q

Anatomy

A

Scientific study of animal body structures

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3
Q

Colloquial use of the word animal

A

Non-human animals - but doesn’t satisfy scientific definition

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4
Q

Animal is also known as

A

Metazoa

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5
Q

Origin of the word animalia

A

Latin word animalis meaning “having breath” and “having soul”

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6
Q

How many known species are there

A

1 million

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7
Q

3 areas of diversity

A

Specs, habitats, characteristics

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8
Q

Monophyletic - animal kingdom

A

Animal kingdom is monophyleticmeaning all taxa evolved from a single common ancestor

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9
Q

How many phyla are there

A

Around 35

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10
Q

Clades

A

Further grouping of phyla that share a common ancestor based on shared characteristics and genetics

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11
Q

Clare examples

A

Radiate, bilateral,protostomia,deuterostemia

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12
Q

What was the first ever Cade

A

Radiate

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13
Q

Low level blades vs. High level

A

Less descriptive factor vs. More

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14
Q

What are the low level blades

A

Radiate + bilaterja

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15
Q

Higher level Cade

A

Protostomia + deuterostomia

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16
Q

What does radiate need

A

Nerves and radial symmetry

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17
Q

What does bilateral need

A

Nerves and bilateral symmetry

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18
Q

What does protostomia need

A

Nerves, bilateral symmetry, and schizocoelom

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19
Q

What does deuterostomia need

A

Nerves, bilateral symmetry,enterocoelom

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20
Q

What was the common ancestor of animalia

A

Colonial choanoflagellate ancestor

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21
Q

What was the common ancestor of animalia

A

Colonial choanoflagellate ancestor

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22
Q

What defines an animal.

A
  1. Multicellular eukaryotethat lacks cell wall 2. Heterotroph
    B. Motile at some time
  2. Reproduces 5. Most have nerve and muscles
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23
Q

What did we evolve from and elaborate

A

We evolved from a colonial unicellular ancestor during the Precambrian era

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24
Q

When was our common ancestor present

A

Precambrian era

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25
Q

What is an colonial unicellular ancestor

A

An organism composed of different cells but live in groups-each cell acts individually

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26
Q

What was the colonial unicellular ancestor

A

Flagellated protist

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27
Q

How did the colonial unicellular ancestor evolve

A

Cells in these protists became more specialized and layered. For example, a colonial organism night produce specialized feeding cells which then move inside and form a digestive cavity

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28
Q

Why did the digestive cavity move to inside of cell

A

Digestive system needs a thin membrane so o it being inside offers protection

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29
Q

Why did the digestive cavity move to inside of cell

A

Digestive system needs a thin membrane so o it being inside offers protection

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30
Q

What type of colonial organism was our ancestor

A

Colonial choanoflagellate ancestor

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31
Q

Closest relative of choanoftagelBette

A

Sponge

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32
Q

Do choanoflagellates now exist

A

Yes

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33
Q

What do choanoflagellate, and sponge cells have in common

A

Colonial + same collar structure

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34
Q

What do choanoflagellate, and sponge cells have in common

A

Colonial + same collar structure

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35
Q

How did choanoflagelete cells specialize into sponge

A

Cells took on specialized function of filter feeding

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36
Q

How did choanoflagelete cells specialize into sponge

A

Cells took on specialized function of filter feeding

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37
Q

Difference between animal and plant cells

A

Animals have centrioles;plants have cell walls and chloroplast

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38
Q

How do animals cells retain structure

A

extracellular matrix and cell junctions

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39
Q

extracellular matrix

A

pollysachride molecule, proteoglycans, collagen fibers, fibronectin, plasma membrane, receptor protein (integrin), microfilaments and cytoplasm all over together to provide rigidity

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40
Q

What are the 3 different types of cell junctions

A

anchoring, tight. and gap

41
Q

Anchoring junction

A

The space between cell membranes are intertwined with protein to provide support

42
Q

Tight junction

A

Cell membranes are held more tightly - it regulates what passes through (osmosis)

43
Q

Gap junction

A

proteins form pores and channels through cell membrane - cytoplasm is continous

44
Q

animals can be characterized by basic features of

A

body plan

45
Q

animal body plan are influence by

A

embryonic development pattern, germ cell layers, body symmetry, body cavity type,

46
Q

embryonic development pattern

A

how does an animal develop from a single embryonic cell

47
Q

germ cell layers

A

where tissues come from

48
Q

body symmetry

A

how body is organized

49
Q

body cavity type

A

where does the cavity come from

50
Q

sexual reproduction

A

germ line cells undergo meiosis to produce haploid gametes
gametes fuse during fertilization to form a diploid zygote

51
Q

asexual reproduction forms

A

budding, fragmentation, parthenogensis

52
Q

budding

A

organism builds of parental - hydra

53
Q

fragmentation

A

organism builds off of cut portion - echinoderms

54
Q

parthenogensis

A

organism grows from unfertilized cell - insects and some reptiles

55
Q

what happens after fertilization

A

zygote cleavage

56
Q

zygote cleavage

A

division of cells in the early embryo
-zygotes undergo rapid cell cycle with no growth - more division but no growt

57
Q

what does a zygote turn into after zygote cleavage

A

morula

58
Q

morula

A

solid mass of cells after zygote cleavage that starts getting bigger

59
Q

blastula

A

hollow sphere of single layer of cells - hollow

60
Q

zygote cleavege process

A

zygote - morula - blastula

61
Q

cleeage patterns are an important trait distinguishing …

A

protostomia and deuterostomia

62
Q

protostomia cleavage pattern

A
  • exihibit spiral cleavage
  • newly produces cells lie in the space between the cells immediately below them
  • as the cell is producing their developmental path is determined
63
Q

deuterostomes cleavage patterns

A
  • exihibit radial cleavage
  • newly produced cells lie directly above and below other cells of the embryo
  • developmental fates of the first few cells are not determined - can change if you remove
  • cell removed = make a complete organism
64
Q

Gastrulation begins

A

At the vegetal pole

65
Q

gastrulation

A

formation of digestive system through the invagination of the blastula
creation of 2 or 3 germ layers
everything is determined at this time

66
Q

endoderm

A

germ layer transforms into digestive tractec

67
Q

ectoderm

A

germ layers transfers into skin and nervous system

68
Q

mesoderm

A

germ layer transforms into muscle and skeleton

69
Q

diploblastic animals

A

have 2 germ layers - endoderm and ectoderm

69
Q

triploblastic animals

A

have 3 germ layers - endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm

70
Q

protostomes and deuterostomes are

A

triploblastic

71
Q

embryonic development of protostomes

A

mouth first then anus
mesoderm is split

72
Q

embryonic development of deuterostomes

A

anus first mouth later
mesoderm is from out pocketing

73
Q

all triploblastic animals have

A

a body cavity between endoderm and ectoderm

74
Q

how is body cavity created in protostomes

A

mesoderm differentiates near the blastopore and body is cavity is created by the splitting of the mesoderm

75
Q

how is body cavity created in deuterostomes

A

mesoderm originates from out pocketing of the archenteron and body - body cavity is created within outpocketing

76
Q

protostomes

A

spiral cleavage, determinate cleavage, mouth develops first, mesoderm splits, schizocoelom

77
Q

deuterostomes

A

radial cleavage, indeterminate cleavage, anus develops first, mesoderm out pocketing, enterocoelom

78
Q

radial symmetry

A

can be divided equally by any longitudinal plane passing through the central axis - top and bottom

79
Q

bilateral symmetry

A

can be divided along a vertical plane at the middle to create two identical halves - right and left

80
Q

animals with radial symmetry

A

diploblastic
top and bottom
same opening from mouth and anus

81
Q

animals with bilateral symmetry

A

triploblastic
cephalization
two openings
balanced distribution of body parts which is balanced

82
Q

cephalization

A

specialized head with feeding and sensory organs - tends to move forward

83
Q

most animals with bilateral symmetry have…

A

segmentation

84
Q

segmentation

A

repeated structures along the anterior and posterior axis for sophisticated coordination of the body locomotion
seen in annelids, arthropods, chordates

85
Q

triploblastic animals are…

A

bilateral and vice verse

86
Q

coelomate/ecoelomate

A

fluid filled cavity so intestines can move independent of the body wall
found within the mesoderm of the embryo and is completely surrounded by mesoderm

87
Q

most triploblastic animals are

A

coelomate but can be acoelomate

88
Q

acoelmoate animals can be

A

triploblastic or diploblastic but all diploblastic animals are acoelomate

89
Q

acoelomate

A

no body cavity since they donèt have a mesoderm

90
Q

how does not having a body cavity affect an animal

A

restrict size and surface area - can only absorb materials through body wall - flatwork - Platyhelminthes

91
Q

pseudocoelomate

A

fluid filled or organ filled space between endoderm and mesoderm but is not lined with the mesoderm - Nematoda

92
Q

what is different between respiration of humans fishes and birds

A

humans - air goes in and out the same way which means oxygen nd non oxygen mixes
fishes - water goes in out different ways
birds - air goes in different ways

93
Q

what challenges must animals overcome to survive and reproduce

A

extract nutrients and oxygen and energy
eliminate toxic metabolic wastes
And sense environment changes and respond
maintain constant internal body conditions

94
Q

all physiological process

A

1) obey the laws of physics and chemistry
2) usually tightly regulated (homeostasis)

95
Q

what are the advantages of multicellularity

A

specilization of cells
division of labour distinct cells
development of cells and organs
can be good at everything

96
Q

why bilateral symmetry is more common in animal kingdom

A

more tissues (triploblastic)
evolutinarily advantageous - sophisticated
concentration of sensory structures
segmentation
move forward in a straight line

97
Q

what are the disadvantages of being an acoelomate

A

lack of cell specialization
digestive tract can’t move independent of outside body
surface area restricted
absorb nutrients through tissue
resitricted by laws of diffusion

98
Q

purpose of body cavity

A

circulate fluid
buffer
outside movement vs inside movement

Bio 224 (5 decks)

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