Evolutionary Aspects Of The Animal Kingdom Flashcards
1
Q
Physiology
A
How various parts of animal work
2
Q
Anatomy
A
Scientific study of animal body structures
3
Q
Colloquial use of the word animal
A
Non-human animals - but doesn’t satisfy scientific definition
4
Q
Animal is also known as
A
Metazoa
5
Q
Origin of the word animalia
A
Latin word animalis meaning “having breath” and “having soul”
6
Q
How many known species are there
A
1 million
7
Q
3 areas of diversity
A
Specs, habitats, characteristics
8
Q
Monophyletic - animal kingdom
A
Animal kingdom is monophyleticmeaning all taxa evolved from a single common ancestor
9
Q
How many phyla are there
A
Around 35
10
Q
Clades
A
Further grouping of phyla that share a common ancestor based on shared characteristics and genetics
11
Q
Clare examples
A
Radiate, bilateral,protostomia,deuterostemia
12
Q
What was the first ever Cade
A
Radiate
13
Q
Low level blades vs. High level
A
Less descriptive factor vs. More
14
Q
What are the low level blades
A
Radiate + bilaterja
15
Q
Higher level Cade
A
Protostomia + deuterostomia
16
Q
What does radiate need
A
Nerves and radial symmetry
17
Q
What does bilateral need
A
Nerves and bilateral symmetry
18
Q
What does protostomia need
A
Nerves, bilateral symmetry, and schizocoelom
19
Q
What does deuterostomia need
A
Nerves, bilateral symmetry,enterocoelom
20
Q
What was the common ancestor of animalia
A
Colonial choanoflagellate ancestor
21
Q
What was the common ancestor of animalia
A
Colonial choanoflagellate ancestor
22
Q
What defines an animal.
A
- Multicellular eukaryotethat lacks cell wall 2. Heterotroph
B. Motile at some time - Reproduces 5. Most have nerve and muscles
23
Q
What did we evolve from and elaborate
A
We evolved from a colonial unicellular ancestor during the Precambrian era
24
Q
When was our common ancestor present
A
Precambrian era
25
What is an colonial unicellular ancestor
An organism composed of different cells but live in groups-each cell acts individually
26
What was the colonial unicellular ancestor
Flagellated protist
27
How did the colonial unicellular ancestor evolve
Cells in these protists became more specialized and layered. For example, a colonial organism night produce specialized feeding cells which then move inside and form a digestive cavity
28
Why did the digestive cavity move to inside of cell
Digestive system needs a thin membrane so o it being inside offers protection
29
Why did the digestive cavity move to inside of cell
Digestive system needs a thin membrane so o it being inside offers protection
30
What type of colonial organism was our ancestor
Colonial choanoflagellate ancestor
31
Closest relative of choanoftagelBette
Sponge
32
Do choanoflagellates now exist
Yes
33
What do choanoflagellate, and sponge cells have in common
Colonial + same collar structure
34
What do choanoflagellate, and sponge cells have in common
Colonial + same collar structure
35
How did choanoflagelete cells specialize into sponge
Cells took on specialized function of filter feeding
36
How did choanoflagelete cells specialize into sponge
Cells took on specialized function of filter feeding
37
Difference between animal and plant cells
Animals have centrioles;plants have cell walls and chloroplast
38
How do animals cells retain structure
extracellular matrix and cell junctions
39
extracellular matrix
pollysachride molecule, proteoglycans, collagen fibers, fibronectin, plasma membrane, receptor protein (integrin), microfilaments and cytoplasm all over together to provide rigidity
40
What are the 3 different types of cell junctions
anchoring, tight. and gap
41
Anchoring junction
The space between cell membranes are intertwined with protein to provide support
42
Tight junction
Cell membranes are held more tightly - it regulates what passes through (osmosis)
43
Gap junction
proteins form pores and channels through cell membrane - cytoplasm is continous
44
animals can be characterized by basic features of
body plan
45
animal body plan are influence by
embryonic development pattern, germ cell layers, body symmetry, body cavity type,
46
embryonic development pattern
how does an animal develop from a single embryonic cell
47
germ cell layers
where tissues come from
48
body symmetry
how body is organized
49
body cavity type
where does the cavity come from
50
sexual reproduction
germ line cells undergo meiosis to produce haploid gametes
gametes fuse during fertilization to form a diploid zygote
51
asexual reproduction forms
budding, fragmentation, parthenogensis
52
budding
organism builds of parental - hydra
53
fragmentation
organism builds off of cut portion - echinoderms
54
parthenogensis
organism grows from unfertilized cell - insects and some reptiles
55
what happens after fertilization
zygote cleavage
56
zygote cleavage
division of cells in the early embryo
-zygotes undergo rapid cell cycle with no growth - more division but no growt
57
what does a zygote turn into after zygote cleavage
morula
58
morula
solid mass of cells after zygote cleavage that starts getting bigger
59
blastula
hollow sphere of single layer of cells - hollow
60
zygote cleavege process
zygote - morula - blastula
61
cleeage patterns are an important trait distinguishing ...
protostomia and deuterostomia
62
protostomia cleavage pattern
- exihibit spiral cleavage
- newly produces cells lie in the space between the cells immediately below them
- as the cell is producing their developmental path is determined
63
deuterostomes cleavage patterns
- exihibit radial cleavage
- newly produced cells lie directly above and below other cells of the embryo
- developmental fates of the first few cells are not determined - can change if you remove
- cell removed = make a complete organism
64
Gastrulation begins
At the vegetal pole
65
gastrulation
formation of digestive system through the invagination of the blastula
creation of 2 or 3 germ layers
everything is determined at this time
66
endoderm
germ layer transforms into digestive tractec
67
ectoderm
germ layers transfers into skin and nervous system
68
mesoderm
germ layer transforms into muscle and skeleton
69
diploblastic animals
have 2 germ layers - endoderm and ectoderm
69
triploblastic animals
have 3 germ layers - endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm
70
protostomes and deuterostomes are
triploblastic
71
embryonic development of protostomes
mouth first then anus
mesoderm is split
72
embryonic development of deuterostomes
anus first mouth later
mesoderm is from out pocketing
73
all triploblastic animals have
a body cavity between endoderm and ectoderm
74
how is body cavity created in protostomes
mesoderm differentiates near the blastopore and body is cavity is created by the splitting of the mesoderm
75
how is body cavity created in deuterostomes
mesoderm originates from out pocketing of the archenteron and body - body cavity is created within outpocketing
76
protostomes
spiral cleavage, determinate cleavage, mouth develops first, mesoderm splits, schizocoelom
77
deuterostomes
radial cleavage, indeterminate cleavage, anus develops first, mesoderm out pocketing, enterocoelom
78
radial symmetry
can be divided equally by any longitudinal plane passing through the central axis - top and bottom
79
bilateral symmetry
can be divided along a vertical plane at the middle to create two identical halves - right and left
80
animals with radial symmetry
diploblastic
top and bottom
same opening from mouth and anus
81
animals with bilateral symmetry
triploblastic
cephalization
two openings
balanced distribution of body parts which is balanced
82
cephalization
specialized head with feeding and sensory organs - tends to move forward
83
most animals with bilateral symmetry have...
segmentation
84
segmentation
repeated structures along the anterior and posterior axis for sophisticated coordination of the body locomotion
seen in annelids, arthropods, chordates
85
triploblastic animals are...
bilateral and vice verse
86
coelomate/ecoelomate
fluid filled cavity so intestines can move independent of the body wall
found within the mesoderm of the embryo and is completely surrounded by mesoderm
87
most triploblastic animals are
coelomate but can be acoelomate
88
acoelmoate animals can be
triploblastic or diploblastic but all diploblastic animals are acoelomate
89
acoelomate
no body cavity since they donèt have a mesoderm
90
how does not having a body cavity affect an animal
restrict size and surface area - can only absorb materials through body wall - flatwork - Platyhelminthes
91
pseudocoelomate
fluid filled or organ filled space between endoderm and mesoderm but is not lined with the mesoderm - Nematoda
92
what is different between respiration of humans fishes and birds
humans - air goes in and out the same way which means oxygen nd non oxygen mixes
fishes - water goes in out different ways
birds - air goes in different ways
93
what challenges must animals overcome to survive and reproduce
extract nutrients and oxygen and energy
eliminate toxic metabolic wastes
And sense environment changes and respond
maintain constant internal body conditions
94
all physiological process
1) obey the laws of physics and chemistry
2) usually tightly regulated (homeostasis)
95
what are the advantages of multicellularity
specilization of cells
division of labour distinct cells
development of cells and organs
can be good at everything
96
why bilateral symmetry is more common in animal kingdom
more tissues (triploblastic)
evolutinarily advantageous - sophisticated
concentration of sensory structures
segmentation
move forward in a straight line
97
what are the disadvantages of being an acoelomate
lack of cell specialization
digestive tract can't move independent of outside body
surface area restricted
absorb nutrients through tissue
resitricted by laws of diffusion
98
purpose of body cavity
circulate fluid
buffer
outside movement vs inside movement
